A Conceptual Framework for a Modern Science of Integrated Pest Management for Pests and Diseases of Coconut

The integrated pest management (IPM) approach was introduced to alleviate the negative effects of synthetic pesticide use in any agroecosystem. Initially, IPM is proposed as a multidisciplinary environmentally-sensitive approach that utilizes biological, cultural, genetics, mechanical, physical, and other artificial techniques to manage the pest population. The IPM concept has evolved with various reported history as well as definitions and has been adopted to solve pest problems in different agroecosystems including coconut. This paper revisits the different approaches of IPM in coconut pests as well as the conceptual framework for IPM introduced by Stenberg (2017) and the new integrated pest management paradigm for modern age conceptualized by Dara (2019) to come up with a holistic IPM framework for the efficient control of pests and diseases of coconut for adoption of coconut-producing countries in the region.