Legacy effects post removal of a range-expanding shrub influence soil fungal communities and create negative plant-soil feedbacks for conspecific seedlings

Aims Soil legacy effects can have long-term impacts on soil microbial communities with implications for plant growth and community structure. These effects are well studied for invasive plants, particularly after removal of invasive species; however, we know less about the soil legacy effects post removal of native range expanding species. Methods We used a controlled greenhouse experiment with a range-expanding sagebrush species ( Artemisia rothrockii (Asteraceae)) to determine how multiple metrics of sagebrush seedling performance (plant-soil feedback (PSF) ratio, height, leaf functional traits, and root:shoot biomass) were influenced by soil legacy effects in both the native and expansion range and over time since removal. We inoculated seedlings with field-collected soils from under sagebrush canopies and in herbaceous interspace, as well as in areas where sagebrush had been removed for 1 or 5 years. We then used ITS2 sequencing and extracellular enzyme assays to characterize the structure and function of soil microbial communities and to determine what microbial mechanisms drove seedling responses. Results Conspecific sagebrush seedlings responded negatively to soil legacy effects of shrub removal, with a more negative PSF ratio, reduced height, and higher root:shoot ratios in shrub removal inoculum than in shrub and herbaceous soil inoculum. Seedlings in shrub removal inoculum also had enriched foliar isotope ratios, reflecting higher resource use efficiency. Soil communities of seedlings with shrub removal inoculum had increased fungal diversity, pathogen, and saprotroph richness, and altered fungal community composition. Legacy effects on soil fungal diversity and functional group richness were present in seedlings with 1-year shrub removal inoculum, while effects on fungal community composition were found in 1 and 5-year shrub removal inoculated seedlings. Despite changes in functional group richness, fungal diversity and community composition proved the strongest drivers of seedling performance overall. Conclusions This work provides novel insight into how soil legacy effects post removal of a native range expanding species may limit rather than promote the performance of conspecifics over short and long time periods, with important implications for management as global change continues to shift the geographic ranges of woody plants.