Photocatalytic Decolorization of Direct Red16 from an Aqueous Solution Using B-ZnO/TiO2 Nano Photocatalyst: Synthesis, Characterization, Process Modeling, and Optimization
The aim of this study was to modify the TiO2 photocatalyst with different amounts of ZnO (0.25, 0.5, and 1 wt. %) and B (1, 5, and 10 wt. %), as B-ZnO/TiO2, for mineralization and photodegradation of direct red 16 (DR16). B-ZnO/TiO2 was synthesized by the sol-gel method and the composite with 5 wt....
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description | The aim of this study was to modify the TiO2 photocatalyst with different amounts of ZnO (0.25, 0.5, and 1 wt. %) and B (1, 5, and 10 wt. %), as B-ZnO/TiO2, for mineralization and photodegradation of direct red 16 (DR16). B-ZnO/TiO2 was synthesized by the sol-gel method and the composite with 5 wt. % of B and 0.5 wt. % of ZnO was selected as the optimal composition, based on DR16 removal experiments. Th results showed that the removal efficiencies for optimum amounts of B and ZnO were 47 and 87 % in B-TiO2 and B-ZnO/TiO2 composition, respectively. The structural and chemical characteristics, modeling and optimization of the operating variables, adsorptive behavior, and reusability of the synthesized photocatalyst were evaluated. The acquired findings confirmed the generation of an amorphous phase with a low recombination rate and an improvement of photodegradation efficiency under visible light irradiation. The effects of (NH4)2S2O8, H2O2, KCl, and KHCO3 salts on dye photocatalytic removal were evaluated, and the maximum positive effect was observed using (NH4)2S2O8. The results of optimization of the operational variables and their optimum values proved that an increase in B-ZnO/TiO2 loading, reaction time, LED intensity, and a decrease in DR16 concentration and initial pH, improved the removal efficiency. The maximum DR16 degradation (100%) was obtained in the presence of 10 ppm DR16 and 1 g/L B5%-ZnO0.5%/TiO2, at pH 3, under visible light irradiation, after 200 min. The DR16 adsorption process by the B-ZnO/TiO2 followed a pseudo-second-order model. The mechanism of the photodegradation of DR16 dye was ascribed to the absorbed h+ and OH− active species. According to the results, the B-ZnO/TiO2 photocatalyst can be considered as a promising candidate for actual dye removal under visible light irradiation. |
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B-ZnO/TiO2 was synthesized by the sol-gel method and the composite with 5 wt. % of B and 0.5 wt. % of ZnO was selected as the optimal composition, based on DR16 removal experiments. Th results showed that the removal efficiencies for optimum amounts of B and ZnO were 47 and 87 % in B-TiO2 and B-ZnO/TiO2 composition, respectively. The structural and chemical characteristics, modeling and optimization of the operating variables, adsorptive behavior, and reusability of the synthesized photocatalyst were evaluated. The acquired findings confirmed the generation of an amorphous phase with a low recombination rate and an improvement of photodegradation efficiency under visible light irradiation. The effects of (NH4)2S2O8, H2O2, KCl, and KHCO3 salts on dye photocatalytic removal were evaluated, and the maximum positive effect was observed using (NH4)2S2O8. The results of optimization of the operational variables and their optimum values proved that an increase in B-ZnO/TiO2 loading, reaction time, LED intensity, and a decrease in DR16 concentration and initial pH, improved the removal efficiency. The maximum DR16 degradation (100%) was obtained in the presence of 10 ppm DR16 and 1 g/L B5%-ZnO0.5%/TiO2, at pH 3, under visible light irradiation, after 200 min. The DR16 adsorption process by the B-ZnO/TiO2 followed a pseudo-second-order model. The mechanism of the photodegradation of DR16 dye was ascribed to the absorbed h+ and OH− active species. According to the results, the B-ZnO/TiO2 photocatalyst can be considered as a promising candidate for actual dye removal under visible light irradiation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w15061203</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>adsorption ; Adsorptivity ; Aqueous solutions ; Color removal ; Composition ; Decoloring ; Decolorization ; Dyes ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Irradiation ; light ; Light effects ; Light irradiation ; Mineralization ; Modelling ; Optimization ; Oxidation ; Photocatalysis ; Photocatalysts ; Photodegradation ; photolysis ; Potassium chloride ; Radiation ; Recombination ; Semiconductors ; Sol-gel processes ; sol-gel processing ; Titanium dioxide ; water ; Zinc oxide ; Zinc oxides</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2023-03, Vol.15 (6), p.1203</ispartof><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c325t-a44ab9dccb72c17c3ea3ac60d9405d4b0ce275579b825011df904731b5eceea03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c325t-a44ab9dccb72c17c3ea3ac60d9405d4b0ce275579b825011df904731b5eceea03</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Habeeb, Saba Abdulmunem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zinatizadeh, Ali Akbar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zangeneh, Hadis</creatorcontrib><title>Photocatalytic Decolorization of Direct Red16 from an Aqueous Solution Using B-ZnO/TiO2 Nano Photocatalyst: Synthesis, Characterization, Process Modeling, and Optimization</title><title>Water (Basel)</title><description>The aim of this study was to modify the TiO2 photocatalyst with different amounts of ZnO (0.25, 0.5, and 1 wt. %) and B (1, 5, and 10 wt. %), as B-ZnO/TiO2, for mineralization and photodegradation of direct red 16 (DR16). B-ZnO/TiO2 was synthesized by the sol-gel method and the composite with 5 wt. % of B and 0.5 wt. % of ZnO was selected as the optimal composition, based on DR16 removal experiments. Th results showed that the removal efficiencies for optimum amounts of B and ZnO were 47 and 87 % in B-TiO2 and B-ZnO/TiO2 composition, respectively. The structural and chemical characteristics, modeling and optimization of the operating variables, adsorptive behavior, and reusability of the synthesized photocatalyst were evaluated. The acquired findings confirmed the generation of an amorphous phase with a low recombination rate and an improvement of photodegradation efficiency under visible light irradiation. The effects of (NH4)2S2O8, H2O2, KCl, and KHCO3 salts on dye photocatalytic removal were evaluated, and the maximum positive effect was observed using (NH4)2S2O8. The results of optimization of the operational variables and their optimum values proved that an increase in B-ZnO/TiO2 loading, reaction time, LED intensity, and a decrease in DR16 concentration and initial pH, improved the removal efficiency. The maximum DR16 degradation (100%) was obtained in the presence of 10 ppm DR16 and 1 g/L B5%-ZnO0.5%/TiO2, at pH 3, under visible light irradiation, after 200 min. The DR16 adsorption process by the B-ZnO/TiO2 followed a pseudo-second-order model. The mechanism of the photodegradation of DR16 dye was ascribed to the absorbed h+ and OH− active species. According to the results, the B-ZnO/TiO2 photocatalyst can be considered as a promising candidate for actual dye removal under visible light irradiation.</description><subject>adsorption</subject><subject>Adsorptivity</subject><subject>Aqueous solutions</subject><subject>Color removal</subject><subject>Composition</subject><subject>Decoloring</subject><subject>Decolorization</subject><subject>Dyes</subject><subject>Hydrogen peroxide</subject><subject>Irradiation</subject><subject>light</subject><subject>Light effects</subject><subject>Light irradiation</subject><subject>Mineralization</subject><subject>Modelling</subject><subject>Optimization</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Photocatalysis</subject><subject>Photocatalysts</subject><subject>Photodegradation</subject><subject>photolysis</subject><subject>Potassium chloride</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Recombination</subject><subject>Semiconductors</subject><subject>Sol-gel processes</subject><subject>sol-gel processing</subject><subject>Titanium dioxide</subject><subject>water</subject><subject>Zinc oxide</subject><subject>Zinc oxides</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkc1OwkAUhRujiQRZ-AaTuNGEyvzSjjsE_xK0RGDjpplOpzKkdHBmGoOv5EtaRA3xbu5dfDnnnpwgOEXwkhAOe--IwT7CkBwELQwjElJK0eHefRx0nFvCZiiPYwZbwedkYbyRwoty47UEIyVNaaz-EF6bCpgCjLRV0oNnlaM-KKxZAVGBwVutTO3A1JT1Nzh3unoF1-FLlfRmOsHgSVQG7Ik7fwWmm8ovlNOuC4YLYYX06tepCybWSOUceDS5KhuxbuOTg2Tt9eqHOQmOClE61fnZ7WB-ezMb3ofj5O5hOBiHkmDmQ0GpyHguZRZhiSJJlCBC9mHOKWQ5zaBUOGIs4lmMGUQoLzikEUEZU1IpAUk7ON_prq1pcjqfrrSTqixFtQ2dEsQIijlEcYOe_UOXprZV812KI44iyhEmDXWxo6Q1zllVpGurV8JuUgTTbXPpX3PkCzchjKU</recordid><startdate>20230320</startdate><enddate>20230320</enddate><creator>Habeeb, Saba Abdulmunem</creator><creator>Zinatizadeh, Ali Akbar</creator><creator>Zangeneh, Hadis</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20230320</creationdate><title>Photocatalytic Decolorization of Direct Red16 from an Aqueous Solution Using B-ZnO/TiO2 Nano Photocatalyst: Synthesis, Characterization, Process Modeling, and Optimization</title><author>Habeeb, Saba Abdulmunem ; Zinatizadeh, Ali Akbar ; Zangeneh, Hadis</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c325t-a44ab9dccb72c17c3ea3ac60d9405d4b0ce275579b825011df904731b5eceea03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>adsorption</topic><topic>Adsorptivity</topic><topic>Aqueous solutions</topic><topic>Color removal</topic><topic>Composition</topic><topic>Decoloring</topic><topic>Decolorization</topic><topic>Dyes</topic><topic>Hydrogen peroxide</topic><topic>Irradiation</topic><topic>light</topic><topic>Light effects</topic><topic>Light irradiation</topic><topic>Mineralization</topic><topic>Modelling</topic><topic>Optimization</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Photocatalysis</topic><topic>Photocatalysts</topic><topic>Photodegradation</topic><topic>photolysis</topic><topic>Potassium chloride</topic><topic>Radiation</topic><topic>Recombination</topic><topic>Semiconductors</topic><topic>Sol-gel processes</topic><topic>sol-gel processing</topic><topic>Titanium dioxide</topic><topic>water</topic><topic>Zinc oxide</topic><topic>Zinc oxides</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Habeeb, Saba Abdulmunem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zinatizadeh, Ali Akbar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zangeneh, Hadis</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Habeeb, Saba Abdulmunem</au><au>Zinatizadeh, Ali Akbar</au><au>Zangeneh, Hadis</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Photocatalytic Decolorization of Direct Red16 from an Aqueous Solution Using B-ZnO/TiO2 Nano Photocatalyst: Synthesis, Characterization, Process Modeling, and Optimization</atitle><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle><date>2023-03-20</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1203</spage><pages>1203-</pages><issn>2073-4441</issn><eissn>2073-4441</eissn><abstract>The aim of this study was to modify the TiO2 photocatalyst with different amounts of ZnO (0.25, 0.5, and 1 wt. %) and B (1, 5, and 10 wt. %), as B-ZnO/TiO2, for mineralization and photodegradation of direct red 16 (DR16). B-ZnO/TiO2 was synthesized by the sol-gel method and the composite with 5 wt. % of B and 0.5 wt. % of ZnO was selected as the optimal composition, based on DR16 removal experiments. Th results showed that the removal efficiencies for optimum amounts of B and ZnO were 47 and 87 % in B-TiO2 and B-ZnO/TiO2 composition, respectively. The structural and chemical characteristics, modeling and optimization of the operating variables, adsorptive behavior, and reusability of the synthesized photocatalyst were evaluated. The acquired findings confirmed the generation of an amorphous phase with a low recombination rate and an improvement of photodegradation efficiency under visible light irradiation. The effects of (NH4)2S2O8, H2O2, KCl, and KHCO3 salts on dye photocatalytic removal were evaluated, and the maximum positive effect was observed using (NH4)2S2O8. The results of optimization of the operational variables and their optimum values proved that an increase in B-ZnO/TiO2 loading, reaction time, LED intensity, and a decrease in DR16 concentration and initial pH, improved the removal efficiency. The maximum DR16 degradation (100%) was obtained in the presence of 10 ppm DR16 and 1 g/L B5%-ZnO0.5%/TiO2, at pH 3, under visible light irradiation, after 200 min. The DR16 adsorption process by the B-ZnO/TiO2 followed a pseudo-second-order model. The mechanism of the photodegradation of DR16 dye was ascribed to the absorbed h+ and OH− active species. According to the results, the B-ZnO/TiO2 photocatalyst can be considered as a promising candidate for actual dye removal under visible light irradiation.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/w15061203</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | adsorption Adsorptivity Aqueous solutions Color removal Composition Decoloring Decolorization Dyes Hydrogen peroxide Irradiation light Light effects Light irradiation Mineralization Modelling Optimization Oxidation Photocatalysis Photocatalysts Photodegradation photolysis Potassium chloride Radiation Recombination Semiconductors Sol-gel processes sol-gel processing Titanium dioxide water Zinc oxide Zinc oxides |
title | Photocatalytic Decolorization of Direct Red16 from an Aqueous Solution Using B-ZnO/TiO2 Nano Photocatalyst: Synthesis, Characterization, Process Modeling, and Optimization |
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