Experimental Evaluation of Tubular Flocculator Implemented in the Field for Drinking Water Supply: Application in the Developing World
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a large-scale Horizontal Tubular Flocculator (HTF) as an easy-to-implement technology for potable water provision compared to the efficiency of a traditional baffle flocculator. The HTF was built with a 4-inch diameter PVC pipe and coupled...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water (Basel) 2023-03, Vol.15 (5), p.833 |
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| creator | García-Ávila, Fernando Méndez-Heredia, Angel Trelles-Agurto, Alex Sánchez-Cordero, Esteban Alfaro-Paredes, Emigdio Antonio Criollo-Illescas, Freddy Tonon-Ordoñez, María D. Heredia-Cabrera, Gina |
| description | The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a large-scale Horizontal Tubular Flocculator (HTF) as an easy-to-implement technology for potable water provision compared to the efficiency of a traditional baffle flocculator. The HTF was built with a 4-inch diameter PVC pipe and coupled to a sedimentation and filtration process. Experimental tests were performed using lengths of 68.4 m and 97.6 m for the HTF. These lengths were combined with raw water flow rates of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 2 L/s and five turbidity ranges 100 NTU, giving a total of 100 tests for one year. Jar tests were performed to determine the optimal dose of aluminum sulfate used as a coagulant. Hydraulic characteristics such as time of retention (TR) and velocity gradient (G) were evaluated; likewise, plug flow, dead volume, and short-circuit ratios were determined by tracer tests using the Wolf–Resnick model. The average results determined a removal of 98.8% of turbidity and 99.93% of color. The TR varied between 4.62 and 36.97 min and G varied between 6.15 and 109.62 s−1. The results showed that HTF can be useful as a flocculation unit in a purification system. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w15050833 |
| format | Article |
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The HTF was built with a 4-inch diameter PVC pipe and coupled to a sedimentation and filtration process. Experimental tests were performed using lengths of 68.4 m and 97.6 m for the HTF. These lengths were combined with raw water flow rates of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 2 L/s and five turbidity ranges <10 NTU, 10–20 NTU, 21–50 NTU, 51–100 NTU, >100 NTU, giving a total of 100 tests for one year. Jar tests were performed to determine the optimal dose of aluminum sulfate used as a coagulant. Hydraulic characteristics such as time of retention (TR) and velocity gradient (G) were evaluated; likewise, plug flow, dead volume, and short-circuit ratios were determined by tracer tests using the Wolf–Resnick model. The average results determined a removal of 98.8% of turbidity and 99.93% of color. The TR varied between 4.62 and 36.97 min and G varied between 6.15 and 109.62 s−1. The results showed that HTF can be useful as a flocculation unit in a purification system.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w15050833</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Aluminum ; Aluminum sulfate ; Coagulants ; Developing countries ; Drinking water ; Efficiency ; Energy consumption ; Flocculation ; Flow rates ; Flow velocity ; Hydraulics ; Jar tests ; Laboratories ; Management ; Plating ; Plug flow ; Polyvinyl chloride ; Raw water ; Reynolds number ; Rural areas ; Sanitation ; Sedimentation & deposition ; Short circuits ; Sustainable development ; Turbidity ; Velocity gradient ; Water ; Water flow ; Water supply ; Water treatment</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2023-03, Vol.15 (5), p.833</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Aluminum Aluminum sulfate Coagulants Developing countries Drinking water Efficiency Energy consumption Flocculation Flow rates Flow velocity Hydraulics Jar tests Laboratories Management Plating Plug flow Polyvinyl chloride Raw water Reynolds number Rural areas Sanitation Sedimentation & deposition Short circuits Sustainable development Turbidity Velocity gradient Water Water flow Water supply Water treatment |
| title | Experimental Evaluation of Tubular Flocculator Implemented in the Field for Drinking Water Supply: Application in the Developing World |
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