The Effect of Energetic Ion Dispersionless Injections on the Ring Current Dynamics
Energetic particle injections, usually observed as sudden flux enhancements of charged particles from tens to hundreds of keV, are one of the main mechanisms for ring current enhancement. In this study, we statistically analyzed the influence of dispersionless injections on Earth's ring current...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of geophysical research. Space physics 2023-02, Vol.128 (2), p.n/a |
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| creator | Zhuang, Yan Yue, Chao Zong, Qiu‐Gang Zhou, Xu‐Zhi Fu, Haobo Mitchell, Donald G. Gkioulidou, M. Cooper, Matthew |
| description | Energetic particle injections, usually observed as sudden flux enhancements of charged particles from tens to hundreds of keV, are one of the main mechanisms for ring current enhancement. In this study, we statistically analyzed the influence of dispersionless injections on Earth's ring current based on the measurements of radiation belt storm probes ion composition experiment onboard Van Allen Probes from 2013 to 2019. We identified 813 dispersionless proton injection events, which are mainly in the pre‐midnight sector. With a greater SuperMAG electrojet index (SME), the observed injections extend to lower L shells. Meanwhile, Helium (He+) and oxygen (O+) ions experience almost simultaneous injections with protons. Superposed epoch results show that ion energy densities enhance significantly after injections. As SMEmax increases, the ring current energy densities of all three species are increasing, and the magnitude of the enhancements, defined as the ratio of the energy densities after and before the injection, hardly changes for protons (∼2.0) and He+ ions (∼2.0) but increases for O+ ions (2.6 and 3.0 for SMEmax |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2022JA030914 |
| format | Article |
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Plain Language Summary
Ring current is one of the most significant current systems in the Earth's magnetosphere, and substorm injections are major mechanisms for ring current enhancement. Dispersionless injections are considered to be in the source region, characterized by simultaneous sudden flux enhancements of charged particles from tens to hundreds of keV. Using data from Van Allen Probes, we statistically surveyed the impact of dispersionless injections on the ring current from 2013 to 2019. We found that injection events are mainly at the pre‐midnight sector, and the depth increases with stronger substorms. Along with proton injections, He+ and O+ ions are also simultaneously injected into the ring current region. The ion injections increase the energy densities of the ring current significantly, with energy densities of H+ and He+ ions increasing to twice as much as before and O+ ions rising to over 2.6 times the level before injections. Following ion injections, the configurations of the electric and magnetic fields in the ring current region change, and particle anisotropies that may generate electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves increase, leading to the loss or acceleration of inner magnetospheric particles.
Key Points
We analyze the energetic particle dispersionless injections inside the geosynchronous orbit from 2013 to 2019 through RBSP observations
The contributions of H+, He+, and O+ ion injections on the energy densities of ring current are investigated under different conditions
The configuration of the electromagnetic fields and particle anisotropies in the ring current region change with ion injections</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9380</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9402</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2022JA030914</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Charged particles ; Cyclotrons ; dispersionless injections ; Earth ; Earth magnetosphere ; Electric fields ; Electrojets ; Energetic particles ; Energy ; Helium ; Helium ions ; Injection ; Ion composition ; Ion cyclotron waves ; ion dynamics ; Ions ; Magnetic fields ; Magnetospheric particles ; Magnetospheric substorms ; Oxygen ; Oxygen ions ; Probes ; Protons ; Radiation ; Radiation belts ; ring current ; Ring currents</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics, 2023-02, Vol.128 (2), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2023. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3070-73a4244d277b4cb41af594c51f1eb915505a94499a61e5f6725480a71246ab793</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3070-73a4244d277b4cb41af594c51f1eb915505a94499a61e5f6725480a71246ab793</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6034-0993 ; 0000-0001-6137-8814 ; 0000-0002-0857-8910 ; 0000-0002-6414-3794 ; 0000-0003-1960-2119 ; 0000-0001-9720-5210 ; 0000-0001-9979-2164</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2022JA030914$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2022JA030914$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,1427,27901,27902,45550,45551,46384,46808</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhuang, Yan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yue, Chao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zong, Qiu‐Gang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Xu‐Zhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fu, Haobo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mitchell, Donald G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gkioulidou, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, Matthew</creatorcontrib><title>The Effect of Energetic Ion Dispersionless Injections on the Ring Current Dynamics</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics</title><description>Energetic particle injections, usually observed as sudden flux enhancements of charged particles from tens to hundreds of keV, are one of the main mechanisms for ring current enhancement. In this study, we statistically analyzed the influence of dispersionless injections on Earth's ring current based on the measurements of radiation belt storm probes ion composition experiment onboard Van Allen Probes from 2013 to 2019. We identified 813 dispersionless proton injection events, which are mainly in the pre‐midnight sector. With a greater SuperMAG electrojet index (SME), the observed injections extend to lower L shells. Meanwhile, Helium (He+) and oxygen (O+) ions experience almost simultaneous injections with protons. Superposed epoch results show that ion energy densities enhance significantly after injections. As SMEmax increases, the ring current energy densities of all three species are increasing, and the magnitude of the enhancements, defined as the ratio of the energy densities after and before the injection, hardly changes for protons (∼2.0) and He+ ions (∼2.0) but increases for O+ ions (2.6 and 3.0 for SMEmax < 1,000 nT and SMEmax ≥ 1,000 nT, respectively), suggesting the contribution of O+ ions to ring current becomes more significant during super substorms. With proton injections, the dawn‐dusk electric field is enhanced sharply to twice as large as before. Simultaneously, there is a dip followed by gradual dipolarization of the magnetic fields. Moreover, particle anisotropies increase following ion injections, which may generate electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. These statistical results indicate that ion injections during substorms contribute significantly to the ring current.
Plain Language Summary
Ring current is one of the most significant current systems in the Earth's magnetosphere, and substorm injections are major mechanisms for ring current enhancement. Dispersionless injections are considered to be in the source region, characterized by simultaneous sudden flux enhancements of charged particles from tens to hundreds of keV. Using data from Van Allen Probes, we statistically surveyed the impact of dispersionless injections on the ring current from 2013 to 2019. We found that injection events are mainly at the pre‐midnight sector, and the depth increases with stronger substorms. Along with proton injections, He+ and O+ ions are also simultaneously injected into the ring current region. The ion injections increase the energy densities of the ring current significantly, with energy densities of H+ and He+ ions increasing to twice as much as before and O+ ions rising to over 2.6 times the level before injections. Following ion injections, the configurations of the electric and magnetic fields in the ring current region change, and particle anisotropies that may generate electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves increase, leading to the loss or acceleration of inner magnetospheric particles.
Key Points
We analyze the energetic particle dispersionless injections inside the geosynchronous orbit from 2013 to 2019 through RBSP observations
The contributions of H+, He+, and O+ ion injections on the energy densities of ring current are investigated under different conditions
The configuration of the electromagnetic fields and particle anisotropies in the ring current region change with ion injections</description><subject>Charged particles</subject><subject>Cyclotrons</subject><subject>dispersionless injections</subject><subject>Earth</subject><subject>Earth magnetosphere</subject><subject>Electric fields</subject><subject>Electrojets</subject><subject>Energetic particles</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Helium</subject><subject>Helium ions</subject><subject>Injection</subject><subject>Ion composition</subject><subject>Ion cyclotron waves</subject><subject>ion dynamics</subject><subject>Ions</subject><subject>Magnetic fields</subject><subject>Magnetospheric particles</subject><subject>Magnetospheric substorms</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>Oxygen ions</subject><subject>Probes</subject><subject>Protons</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Radiation belts</subject><subject>ring current</subject><subject>Ring currents</subject><issn>2169-9380</issn><issn>2169-9402</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kE1LAzEQhoMoWGpv_oCAV1fzMdlsjqWttaUglHoO2TWpKW22JrtI_72RKnhyLvP1zDvDIHRLyQMlTD0ywthyTDhRFC7QgNFSFQoIu_yNeUWu0SilHclW5RIVA7TevFs8c842HW4dngUbt7bzDV60AU99OtqYfBv2NiW8CLuM5Szh3Ozy4NqHLZ70MdrQ4ekpmINv0g26cmaf7OjHD9Hr02wzeS5WL_PFZLwqGk4kKSQ3wADemJQ1NDVQ44SCRlBHbZ1vE0QYBaCUKakVrpRMQEWMpAxKU0vFh-jurHuM7UdvU6d3bR9DXqmzpgJacWCZuj9TTWxTitbpY_QHE0-aEv39OP33cRnnZ_zT7-3pX1Yv5-uxkGVJ-Behb2w1</recordid><startdate>202302</startdate><enddate>202302</enddate><creator>Zhuang, Yan</creator><creator>Yue, Chao</creator><creator>Zong, Qiu‐Gang</creator><creator>Zhou, Xu‐Zhi</creator><creator>Fu, Haobo</creator><creator>Mitchell, Donald G.</creator><creator>Gkioulidou, M.</creator><creator>Cooper, Matthew</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6034-0993</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6137-8814</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-8910</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-3794</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1960-2119</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9720-5210</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9979-2164</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202302</creationdate><title>The Effect of Energetic Ion Dispersionless Injections on the Ring Current Dynamics</title><author>Zhuang, Yan ; Yue, Chao ; Zong, Qiu‐Gang ; Zhou, Xu‐Zhi ; Fu, Haobo ; Mitchell, Donald G. ; Gkioulidou, M. ; Cooper, Matthew</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3070-73a4244d277b4cb41af594c51f1eb915505a94499a61e5f6725480a71246ab793</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Charged particles</topic><topic>Cyclotrons</topic><topic>dispersionless injections</topic><topic>Earth</topic><topic>Earth magnetosphere</topic><topic>Electric fields</topic><topic>Electrojets</topic><topic>Energetic particles</topic><topic>Energy</topic><topic>Helium</topic><topic>Helium ions</topic><topic>Injection</topic><topic>Ion composition</topic><topic>Ion cyclotron waves</topic><topic>ion dynamics</topic><topic>Ions</topic><topic>Magnetic fields</topic><topic>Magnetospheric particles</topic><topic>Magnetospheric substorms</topic><topic>Oxygen</topic><topic>Oxygen ions</topic><topic>Probes</topic><topic>Protons</topic><topic>Radiation</topic><topic>Radiation belts</topic><topic>ring current</topic><topic>Ring currents</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhuang, Yan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yue, Chao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zong, Qiu‐Gang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Xu‐Zhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fu, Haobo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mitchell, Donald G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gkioulidou, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, Matthew</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhuang, Yan</au><au>Yue, Chao</au><au>Zong, Qiu‐Gang</au><au>Zhou, Xu‐Zhi</au><au>Fu, Haobo</au><au>Mitchell, Donald G.</au><au>Gkioulidou, M.</au><au>Cooper, Matthew</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Effect of Energetic Ion Dispersionless Injections on the Ring Current Dynamics</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics</jtitle><date>2023-02</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>128</volume><issue>2</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2169-9380</issn><eissn>2169-9402</eissn><abstract>Energetic particle injections, usually observed as sudden flux enhancements of charged particles from tens to hundreds of keV, are one of the main mechanisms for ring current enhancement. In this study, we statistically analyzed the influence of dispersionless injections on Earth's ring current based on the measurements of radiation belt storm probes ion composition experiment onboard Van Allen Probes from 2013 to 2019. We identified 813 dispersionless proton injection events, which are mainly in the pre‐midnight sector. With a greater SuperMAG electrojet index (SME), the observed injections extend to lower L shells. Meanwhile, Helium (He+) and oxygen (O+) ions experience almost simultaneous injections with protons. Superposed epoch results show that ion energy densities enhance significantly after injections. As SMEmax increases, the ring current energy densities of all three species are increasing, and the magnitude of the enhancements, defined as the ratio of the energy densities after and before the injection, hardly changes for protons (∼2.0) and He+ ions (∼2.0) but increases for O+ ions (2.6 and 3.0 for SMEmax < 1,000 nT and SMEmax ≥ 1,000 nT, respectively), suggesting the contribution of O+ ions to ring current becomes more significant during super substorms. With proton injections, the dawn‐dusk electric field is enhanced sharply to twice as large as before. Simultaneously, there is a dip followed by gradual dipolarization of the magnetic fields. Moreover, particle anisotropies increase following ion injections, which may generate electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. These statistical results indicate that ion injections during substorms contribute significantly to the ring current.
Plain Language Summary
Ring current is one of the most significant current systems in the Earth's magnetosphere, and substorm injections are major mechanisms for ring current enhancement. Dispersionless injections are considered to be in the source region, characterized by simultaneous sudden flux enhancements of charged particles from tens to hundreds of keV. Using data from Van Allen Probes, we statistically surveyed the impact of dispersionless injections on the ring current from 2013 to 2019. We found that injection events are mainly at the pre‐midnight sector, and the depth increases with stronger substorms. Along with proton injections, He+ and O+ ions are also simultaneously injected into the ring current region. The ion injections increase the energy densities of the ring current significantly, with energy densities of H+ and He+ ions increasing to twice as much as before and O+ ions rising to over 2.6 times the level before injections. Following ion injections, the configurations of the electric and magnetic fields in the ring current region change, and particle anisotropies that may generate electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves increase, leading to the loss or acceleration of inner magnetospheric particles.
Key Points
We analyze the energetic particle dispersionless injections inside the geosynchronous orbit from 2013 to 2019 through RBSP observations
The contributions of H+, He+, and O+ ion injections on the energy densities of ring current are investigated under different conditions
The configuration of the electromagnetic fields and particle anisotropies in the ring current region change with ion injections</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2022JA030914</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6034-0993</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6137-8814</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-8910</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-3794</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1960-2119</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9720-5210</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9979-2164</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Charged particles Cyclotrons dispersionless injections Earth Earth magnetosphere Electric fields Electrojets Energetic particles Energy Helium Helium ions Injection Ion composition Ion cyclotron waves ion dynamics Ions Magnetic fields Magnetospheric particles Magnetospheric substorms Oxygen Oxygen ions Probes Protons Radiation Radiation belts ring current Ring currents |
| title | The Effect of Energetic Ion Dispersionless Injections on the Ring Current Dynamics |
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