Facade Fire Hazards of Bench-Scale Aluminum Composite Panel with Flame-Retardant Core
Façade fires in tall buildings are currently occurring more than once a month globally that are responsible for many casualties and billions of dollars in losses. In particular, the tragic Grenfell Tower fire in London with more than 70 fatalities raised the profile of façade fire hazard. This work...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Fire technology 2023, Vol.59 (1), p.5-28 |
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| creator | Khan, Aatif Ali Lin, Shaorun Huang, Xinyan Usmani, Asif |
| description | Façade fires in tall buildings are currently occurring more than once a month globally that are responsible for many casualties and billions of dollars in losses. In particular, the tragic Grenfell Tower fire in London with more than 70 fatalities raised the profile of façade fire hazard. This work used well-controlled irradiation up to 60 kW/m
2
to re-assess the fire hazard of typical flame-retardant aluminum composite panels (ACPs) with a dimension of 10 cm × 10 cm × 0.5 cm. We found that the vertically oriented ACPs with the “non-combustible” A2-grade and “limited-combustible” B-grade cores could still be ignited above 35 kW/m
2
and 25 kW/m
2
, after the front aluminum layer peeled off. The peak heat release rate per unit area of these ACPs could be higher than common materials like timber and PVC. Moreover, compared to the B-core panel, the A2-core panel showed a greater fire hazard in terms of a shorter ignition delay time, a higher possibility of the core peel-off, and a longer flaming duration under current test size and fixing condition. Because the ACP is a complex system, its fire hazard is not simply controlled by the core material. The structural failure of ACP in fire, including peel-off, bending, softening and cracking, may further increase the fire hazard depending on the scale effect, boundary and fixing conditions. This research improves our understanding of the systematic fire behaviors of façade panels and helps rethink the fire risk and test methods of the building façade.
Graphical Abstract |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10694-020-01089-4 |
| format | Article |
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2
to re-assess the fire hazard of typical flame-retardant aluminum composite panels (ACPs) with a dimension of 10 cm × 10 cm × 0.5 cm. We found that the vertically oriented ACPs with the “non-combustible” A2-grade and “limited-combustible” B-grade cores could still be ignited above 35 kW/m
2
and 25 kW/m
2
, after the front aluminum layer peeled off. The peak heat release rate per unit area of these ACPs could be higher than common materials like timber and PVC. Moreover, compared to the B-core panel, the A2-core panel showed a greater fire hazard in terms of a shorter ignition delay time, a higher possibility of the core peel-off, and a longer flaming duration under current test size and fixing condition. Because the ACP is a complex system, its fire hazard is not simply controlled by the core material. The structural failure of ACP in fire, including peel-off, bending, softening and cracking, may further increase the fire hazard depending on the scale effect, boundary and fixing conditions. This research improves our understanding of the systematic fire behaviors of façade panels and helps rethink the fire risk and test methods of the building façade.
Graphical Abstract</description><identifier>ISSN: 0015-2684</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1572-8099</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10694-020-01089-4</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Aluminum ; Aluminum composites ; Casualties ; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials ; Civil Engineering ; Classical Mechanics ; Complex systems ; Delay time ; Engineering ; Facades ; Fire hazards ; Fixing ; Flame retardants ; Heat release rate ; Heat transfer ; Irradiation ; Panels ; Physics ; Radiation ; Scale effect ; Structural failure ; Tall buildings</subject><ispartof>Fire technology, 2023, Vol.59 (1), p.5-28</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature 2021. corrected publication 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature 2021. corrected publication 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c363t-6c97942bcf96313ddc4549ac151f5ff5de1ffee87136221edde0c0fa5c4ddafe3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c363t-6c97942bcf96313ddc4549ac151f5ff5de1ffee87136221edde0c0fa5c4ddafe3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0584-8452</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-020-01089-4$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10694-020-01089-4$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924,41487,42556,51318</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Khan, Aatif Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Shaorun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Xinyan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Usmani, Asif</creatorcontrib><title>Facade Fire Hazards of Bench-Scale Aluminum Composite Panel with Flame-Retardant Core</title><title>Fire technology</title><addtitle>Fire Technol</addtitle><description>Façade fires in tall buildings are currently occurring more than once a month globally that are responsible for many casualties and billions of dollars in losses. In particular, the tragic Grenfell Tower fire in London with more than 70 fatalities raised the profile of façade fire hazard. This work used well-controlled irradiation up to 60 kW/m
2
to re-assess the fire hazard of typical flame-retardant aluminum composite panels (ACPs) with a dimension of 10 cm × 10 cm × 0.5 cm. We found that the vertically oriented ACPs with the “non-combustible” A2-grade and “limited-combustible” B-grade cores could still be ignited above 35 kW/m
2
and 25 kW/m
2
, after the front aluminum layer peeled off. The peak heat release rate per unit area of these ACPs could be higher than common materials like timber and PVC. Moreover, compared to the B-core panel, the A2-core panel showed a greater fire hazard in terms of a shorter ignition delay time, a higher possibility of the core peel-off, and a longer flaming duration under current test size and fixing condition. Because the ACP is a complex system, its fire hazard is not simply controlled by the core material. The structural failure of ACP in fire, including peel-off, bending, softening and cracking, may further increase the fire hazard depending on the scale effect, boundary and fixing conditions. This research improves our understanding of the systematic fire behaviors of façade panels and helps rethink the fire risk and test methods of the building façade.
Graphical Abstract</description><subject>Aluminum</subject><subject>Aluminum composites</subject><subject>Casualties</subject><subject>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</subject><subject>Civil Engineering</subject><subject>Classical Mechanics</subject><subject>Complex systems</subject><subject>Delay time</subject><subject>Engineering</subject><subject>Facades</subject><subject>Fire hazards</subject><subject>Fixing</subject><subject>Flame retardants</subject><subject>Heat release rate</subject><subject>Heat transfer</subject><subject>Irradiation</subject><subject>Panels</subject><subject>Physics</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Scale effect</subject><subject>Structural failure</subject><subject>Tall 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Fire Hazards of Bench-Scale Aluminum Composite Panel with Flame-Retardant Core</title><author>Khan, Aatif Ali ; Lin, Shaorun ; Huang, Xinyan ; Usmani, Asif</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c363t-6c97942bcf96313ddc4549ac151f5ff5de1ffee87136221edde0c0fa5c4ddafe3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Aluminum</topic><topic>Aluminum composites</topic><topic>Casualties</topic><topic>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</topic><topic>Civil Engineering</topic><topic>Classical Mechanics</topic><topic>Complex systems</topic><topic>Delay time</topic><topic>Engineering</topic><topic>Facades</topic><topic>Fire hazards</topic><topic>Fixing</topic><topic>Flame retardants</topic><topic>Heat release rate</topic><topic>Heat transfer</topic><topic>Irradiation</topic><topic>Panels</topic><topic>Physics</topic><topic>Radiation</topic><topic>Scale 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Khan, Aatif Ali</au><au>Lin, Shaorun</au><au>Huang, Xinyan</au><au>Usmani, Asif</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Facade Fire Hazards of Bench-Scale Aluminum Composite Panel with Flame-Retardant Core</atitle><jtitle>Fire technology</jtitle><stitle>Fire Technol</stitle><date>2023</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>59</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>5</spage><epage>28</epage><pages>5-28</pages><issn>0015-2684</issn><eissn>1572-8099</eissn><abstract>Façade fires in tall buildings are currently occurring more than once a month globally that are responsible for many casualties and billions of dollars in losses. In particular, the tragic Grenfell Tower fire in London with more than 70 fatalities raised the profile of façade fire hazard. This work used well-controlled irradiation up to 60 kW/m
2
to re-assess the fire hazard of typical flame-retardant aluminum composite panels (ACPs) with a dimension of 10 cm × 10 cm × 0.5 cm. We found that the vertically oriented ACPs with the “non-combustible” A2-grade and “limited-combustible” B-grade cores could still be ignited above 35 kW/m
2
and 25 kW/m
2
, after the front aluminum layer peeled off. The peak heat release rate per unit area of these ACPs could be higher than common materials like timber and PVC. Moreover, compared to the B-core panel, the A2-core panel showed a greater fire hazard in terms of a shorter ignition delay time, a higher possibility of the core peel-off, and a longer flaming duration under current test size and fixing condition. Because the ACP is a complex system, its fire hazard is not simply controlled by the core material. The structural failure of ACP in fire, including peel-off, bending, softening and cracking, may further increase the fire hazard depending on the scale effect, boundary and fixing conditions. This research improves our understanding of the systematic fire behaviors of façade panels and helps rethink the fire risk and test methods of the building façade.
Graphical Abstract</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><doi>10.1007/s10694-020-01089-4</doi><tpages>24</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0584-8452</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aluminum Aluminum composites Casualties Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Civil Engineering Classical Mechanics Complex systems Delay time Engineering Facades Fire hazards Fixing Flame retardants Heat release rate Heat transfer Irradiation Panels Physics Radiation Scale effect Structural failure Tall buildings |
| title | Facade Fire Hazards of Bench-Scale Aluminum Composite Panel with Flame-Retardant Core |
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