Influence of Slag-Based Geopolymer Concrete on the Seismic Behavior of Exterior Beam Column Joints
In reinforced concrete (RC) constructions, the beam-column junctions are very sensitive to lateral and vertical loads. In the event of unforeseen earthquake and wind loads, this insufficient joint performance can lead to the failure of the entire structure. Cement industries emit a large amount of g...
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description | In reinforced concrete (RC) constructions, the beam-column junctions are very sensitive to lateral and vertical loads. In the event of unforeseen earthquake and wind loads, this insufficient joint performance can lead to the failure of the entire structure. Cement industries emit a large amount of greenhouse gases during production, thus contributing to global warming. The nature of cement concrete is fragile. Cement output must be reduced in order to ensure environmental sustainability. Geopolymer concrete (GC), which is a green and low-carbon material, can be used in beam-column joints. M30 grade BBGC was developed and employed in the current study. Alkaline liquids are produced when sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide are mixed at room temperature. The alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio was fixed at 0.5, and the concentration of NaOH was fixed at 8 M. The mechanical properties of the Binary Blended Geopolymer concrete (BBGC), containing fly ash and GGBS, at proportions ranging from 0% to 100%, were investigated. This study was further expanded to examine the behavior of two groups of binary blended geopolymer concrete (BBGC) exterior beam-column joints, with cross sections of 230 mm × 120 mm and 170 mm × 120 mm. The column heights and lengths were both 600 mm under reverse cyclic loads in order to simulate earthquake conditions. The failure mechanism, ductility, energy absorption capacity, initial crack load, ultimate load carrying capacity, and structural performance was evaluated. The test findings showed that BBGC with 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS had the highest compressive strength and split tensile strength. When compared with other beam column joints, those containing 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS performed better under cyclic loading. The test findings imply that GGBS essentially enhances the joint performance of BBGC. The microstructural SEM and EDS studies revealed the reasons behind the improvement in strength of the GGBS fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/su15032327 |
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In the event of unforeseen earthquake and wind loads, this insufficient joint performance can lead to the failure of the entire structure. Cement industries emit a large amount of greenhouse gases during production, thus contributing to global warming. The nature of cement concrete is fragile. Cement output must be reduced in order to ensure environmental sustainability. Geopolymer concrete (GC), which is a green and low-carbon material, can be used in beam-column joints. M30 grade BBGC was developed and employed in the current study. Alkaline liquids are produced when sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide are mixed at room temperature. The alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio was fixed at 0.5, and the concentration of NaOH was fixed at 8 M. The mechanical properties of the Binary Blended Geopolymer concrete (BBGC), containing fly ash and GGBS, at proportions ranging from 0% to 100%, were investigated. This study was further expanded to examine the behavior of two groups of binary blended geopolymer concrete (BBGC) exterior beam-column joints, with cross sections of 230 mm × 120 mm and 170 mm × 120 mm. The column heights and lengths were both 600 mm under reverse cyclic loads in order to simulate earthquake conditions. The failure mechanism, ductility, energy absorption capacity, initial crack load, ultimate load carrying capacity, and structural performance was evaluated. The test findings showed that BBGC with 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS had the highest compressive strength and split tensile strength. When compared with other beam column joints, those containing 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS performed better under cyclic loading. The test findings imply that GGBS essentially enhances the joint performance of BBGC. The microstructural SEM and EDS studies revealed the reasons behind the improvement in strength of the GGBS fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su15032327</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Beam-columns ; Carrying capacity ; Caustic soda ; Cement ; Chemical properties ; Climate change ; Compressive strength ; Concrete ; Construction industry ; Cyclic loads ; Density ; Ductility ; Earthquakes ; Energy absorption ; Energy dissipation ; Engineering research ; Environmental sustainability ; Failure mechanisms ; Fly ash ; Geopolymers ; Global temperature changes ; Global warming ; Green building (Construction) ; Greenhouse effect ; Greenhouse gases ; Hydroxides ; India ; Investigations ; Load carrying capacity ; Mechanical properties ; Polymers ; Reinforced concrete ; Room temperature ; Seismic activity ; Seismic engineering ; Seismic response ; Slag ; Sodium ; Sodium hydroxide ; Sodium silicates ; Sustainability ; Sustainable development ; Tensile strength ; Trends ; Ultimate loads ; Vertical loads ; Wind loads</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2023-01, Vol.15 (3), p.2327</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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In the event of unforeseen earthquake and wind loads, this insufficient joint performance can lead to the failure of the entire structure. Cement industries emit a large amount of greenhouse gases during production, thus contributing to global warming. The nature of cement concrete is fragile. Cement output must be reduced in order to ensure environmental sustainability. Geopolymer concrete (GC), which is a green and low-carbon material, can be used in beam-column joints. M30 grade BBGC was developed and employed in the current study. Alkaline liquids are produced when sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide are mixed at room temperature. The alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio was fixed at 0.5, and the concentration of NaOH was fixed at 8 M. The mechanical properties of the Binary Blended Geopolymer concrete (BBGC), containing fly ash and GGBS, at proportions ranging from 0% to 100%, were investigated. This study was further expanded to examine the behavior of two groups of binary blended geopolymer concrete (BBGC) exterior beam-column joints, with cross sections of 230 mm × 120 mm and 170 mm × 120 mm. The column heights and lengths were both 600 mm under reverse cyclic loads in order to simulate earthquake conditions. The failure mechanism, ductility, energy absorption capacity, initial crack load, ultimate load carrying capacity, and structural performance was evaluated. The test findings showed that BBGC with 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS had the highest compressive strength and split tensile strength. When compared with other beam column joints, those containing 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS performed better under cyclic loading. The test findings imply that GGBS essentially enhances the joint performance of BBGC. The microstructural SEM and EDS studies revealed the reasons behind the improvement in strength of the GGBS fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete.</description><subject>Beam-columns</subject><subject>Carrying capacity</subject><subject>Caustic soda</subject><subject>Cement</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Compressive strength</subject><subject>Concrete</subject><subject>Construction industry</subject><subject>Cyclic loads</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Ductility</subject><subject>Earthquakes</subject><subject>Energy absorption</subject><subject>Energy dissipation</subject><subject>Engineering research</subject><subject>Environmental sustainability</subject><subject>Failure mechanisms</subject><subject>Fly ash</subject><subject>Geopolymers</subject><subject>Global temperature changes</subject><subject>Global warming</subject><subject>Green building (Construction)</subject><subject>Greenhouse effect</subject><subject>Greenhouse gases</subject><subject>Hydroxides</subject><subject>India</subject><subject>Investigations</subject><subject>Load carrying capacity</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Reinforced concrete</subject><subject>Room temperature</subject><subject>Seismic activity</subject><subject>Seismic engineering</subject><subject>Seismic response</subject><subject>Slag</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Sodium hydroxide</subject><subject>Sodium silicates</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><subject>Tensile strength</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>Ultimate loads</subject><subject>Vertical loads</subject><subject>Wind loads</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkVFLwzAQx4soOOZe_AQFnxQ6k17bLI_bmHMyEJw-lzS7bB1tMpNUtm9vxgT17uH-HL__HcdF0S0lQwBOHl1HcwIppOwi6qWE0YSSnFz-0dfRwLkdCQFAOS16UbXQqulQS4yNileN2CQT4XAdz9HsTXNs0cZTo6VFHwgd-y3GK6xdW8t4glvxVRt7cs4OHu1JT1C0wdF0rY5fTK29u4mulGgcDn5qP_p4mr1Pn5Pl63wxHS8TmfKRT1SByARQwqBgKeFSEJBc5bIQyClglVciQ0EZwzRfFxJEvs5UVvCRBMJGFfSju_PcvTWfHTpf7kxndVhZpozlJOVZxgM1PFMb0WBZa2W8FTLkGsNNRqOqQ3_MMsgARjwLhvt_hsB4PPiN6JwrF6u3_-zDmZXWOGdRlXtbt8IeS0rK04_K3x_BNx01gdg</recordid><startdate>20230101</startdate><enddate>20230101</enddate><creator>Maniarasan, Settiannan Karuppannan</creator><creator>Chandrasekaran, Palanisamy</creator><creator>Jayaprakash, Sridhar</creator><creator>Ravindran, Gobinath</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-0442</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-1703</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230101</creationdate><title>Influence of Slag-Based Geopolymer Concrete on the Seismic Behavior of Exterior Beam Column Joints</title><author>Maniarasan, Settiannan Karuppannan ; Chandrasekaran, Palanisamy ; Jayaprakash, Sridhar ; Ravindran, Gobinath</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c298t-f6ee7a3107367209ca03c9f5c6ae913eb5ba4ea177e25d6c3a5d4f4698c3078b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Beam-columns</topic><topic>Carrying capacity</topic><topic>Caustic soda</topic><topic>Cement</topic><topic>Chemical properties</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Compressive strength</topic><topic>Concrete</topic><topic>Construction industry</topic><topic>Cyclic loads</topic><topic>Density</topic><topic>Ductility</topic><topic>Earthquakes</topic><topic>Energy absorption</topic><topic>Energy dissipation</topic><topic>Engineering research</topic><topic>Environmental sustainability</topic><topic>Failure mechanisms</topic><topic>Fly ash</topic><topic>Geopolymers</topic><topic>Global temperature changes</topic><topic>Global warming</topic><topic>Green building (Construction)</topic><topic>Greenhouse effect</topic><topic>Greenhouse gases</topic><topic>Hydroxides</topic><topic>India</topic><topic>Investigations</topic><topic>Load carrying capacity</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Polymers</topic><topic>Reinforced concrete</topic><topic>Room temperature</topic><topic>Seismic activity</topic><topic>Seismic engineering</topic><topic>Seismic response</topic><topic>Slag</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>Sodium hydroxide</topic><topic>Sodium silicates</topic><topic>Sustainability</topic><topic>Sustainable development</topic><topic>Tensile strength</topic><topic>Trends</topic><topic>Ultimate loads</topic><topic>Vertical loads</topic><topic>Wind loads</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Maniarasan, Settiannan Karuppannan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chandrasekaran, Palanisamy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jayaprakash, Sridhar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ravindran, Gobinath</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Maniarasan, Settiannan Karuppannan</au><au>Chandrasekaran, Palanisamy</au><au>Jayaprakash, Sridhar</au><au>Ravindran, Gobinath</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Influence of Slag-Based Geopolymer Concrete on the Seismic Behavior of Exterior Beam Column Joints</atitle><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle><date>2023-01-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>2327</spage><pages>2327-</pages><issn>2071-1050</issn><eissn>2071-1050</eissn><abstract>In reinforced concrete (RC) constructions, the beam-column junctions are very sensitive to lateral and vertical loads. In the event of unforeseen earthquake and wind loads, this insufficient joint performance can lead to the failure of the entire structure. Cement industries emit a large amount of greenhouse gases during production, thus contributing to global warming. The nature of cement concrete is fragile. Cement output must be reduced in order to ensure environmental sustainability. Geopolymer concrete (GC), which is a green and low-carbon material, can be used in beam-column joints. M30 grade BBGC was developed and employed in the current study. Alkaline liquids are produced when sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide are mixed at room temperature. The alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio was fixed at 0.5, and the concentration of NaOH was fixed at 8 M. The mechanical properties of the Binary Blended Geopolymer concrete (BBGC), containing fly ash and GGBS, at proportions ranging from 0% to 100%, were investigated. This study was further expanded to examine the behavior of two groups of binary blended geopolymer concrete (BBGC) exterior beam-column joints, with cross sections of 230 mm × 120 mm and 170 mm × 120 mm. The column heights and lengths were both 600 mm under reverse cyclic loads in order to simulate earthquake conditions. The failure mechanism, ductility, energy absorption capacity, initial crack load, ultimate load carrying capacity, and structural performance was evaluated. The test findings showed that BBGC with 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS had the highest compressive strength and split tensile strength. When compared with other beam column joints, those containing 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS performed better under cyclic loading. The test findings imply that GGBS essentially enhances the joint performance of BBGC. The microstructural SEM and EDS studies revealed the reasons behind the improvement in strength of the GGBS fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/su15032327</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-0442</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-1703</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Beam-columns Carrying capacity Caustic soda Cement Chemical properties Climate change Compressive strength Concrete Construction industry Cyclic loads Density Ductility Earthquakes Energy absorption Energy dissipation Engineering research Environmental sustainability Failure mechanisms Fly ash Geopolymers Global temperature changes Global warming Green building (Construction) Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases Hydroxides India Investigations Load carrying capacity Mechanical properties Polymers Reinforced concrete Room temperature Seismic activity Seismic engineering Seismic response Slag Sodium Sodium hydroxide Sodium silicates Sustainability Sustainable development Tensile strength Trends Ultimate loads Vertical loads Wind loads |
title | Influence of Slag-Based Geopolymer Concrete on the Seismic Behavior of Exterior Beam Column Joints |
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