In vivo electrochemical lipolysis of fat in a Yucatan pig model: A proof of concept study
Objectives Traditional fat contouring is now regularly performed using numerous office‐based less invasive techniques. However, some limitations of these minimally invasive techniques include high cost or limited selectivity with performing localized contouring and reduction of fat. These shortcomin...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Lasers in surgery and medicine 2023-01, Vol.55 (1), p.135-145 |
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creator | Park, Asher C. Chan, Carmen K. Hutchison, Dana M. Patel, Urja Hong, Ellen M. Steward, Earl Dilley, Katelyn K. Sterritt, Naya L. Kim, Sehwan Hill, Michael G. You, Joon S. Wong, Brian J. F. |
description | Objectives
Traditional fat contouring is now regularly performed using numerous office‐based less invasive techniques. However, some limitations of these minimally invasive techniques include high cost or limited selectivity with performing localized contouring and reduction of fat. These shortcomings may potentially be addressed by electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL), a novel approach that involves the insertion of electrodes into tissue followed by application of a direct current (DC) electrical potential. This results in the hydrolysis of tissue water creating active species that lead to fat necrosis and apoptosis. ECLL can be accomplished using a simple voltage‐driven system (V‐ECLL) or a potential‐driven feedback cell (P‐ECLL) both leading to water electrolysis and the creation of acid and base in situ. The aim of this study is to determine the long‐lasting effects of targeted ECLL in a Yucatan pig model.
Methods
A 5‐year‐old Yucatan pig was treated with both V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL in the subcutaneous fat layer using 80:20 platinum:iridium needle electrodes along an 8 cm length. Dosimetry parameters included 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, and −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes. The pig was assessed for changes in fat reduction over 3 months with digital photography and ultrasound. After euthanasia, tissue sections were harvested and gross pathology and histology were examined.
Results
V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL treatments led to visible fat reduction (12.1%–27.7% and 9.4%–40.8%, respectively) and contour changes across several parameters. An increased reduction of the superficial fat layer occurred with increased dosimetry parameters with an average charge transfer of 12.5, 24.3, and 47.5 C transferred for 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, respectively, and 2.0, 11.5, and 24.0 C for −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes, respectively. These dose‐dependent changes were also evidenced by digital photography, gross pathology, ultrasound imaging, and histology.
Conclusions
ECLL results in selective damage and long‐lasting changes to the adipose layer in vivo. These changes are dose‐dependent, thus allowing for more precise contouring of target areas. P‐ECLL has greater efficiency and control of total charge transfer compared to V‐ECLL, suggesting that a low‐voltage potentiostat treatment can result in fat apoptosis equivalent to a high‐voltage DC system. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1002/lsm.23620 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2770645296</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2770645296</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3150-756c3a10a2c24d5b15ef68b4bb5ce2b7498be13293f9fe50afb4a708f0eb9a043</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kM9LwzAUgIMobk4P_gMS8OSh20vatI23MfwxmHhQDzuVJE20o21q00763xutehMCL4eP7z0-hM4JzAkAXZSumtMwpnCApgR4HHAC5BBNgfh_CpxO0IlzOwAIKSTHaBLGjBBG6BRt1zXeF3uLdalV11r1pqtCiRKXRWPLwRUOW4ON6HBRY4G3vRKdqHFTvOLK5rq8xkvctNYz_ilbK9102HV9PpyiIyNKp89-5gy93N48r-6DzePderXcBCokDIKExSoUBARVNMqZJEybOJWRlExpKpOIp1KTkPLQcKMZCCMjkUBqQEsuIApn6HL0-jPee-26bGf7tvYrM5okEEeM8thTVyOlWutcq03WtEUl2iEjkH1FzHzE7DuiZy9-jL2sdP5H_lbzwGIEPopSD_-bss3Tw6j8BA-QetA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2770645296</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>In vivo electrochemical lipolysis of fat in a Yucatan pig model: A proof of concept study</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Access via Wiley Online Library</source><creator>Park, Asher C. ; Chan, Carmen K. ; Hutchison, Dana M. ; Patel, Urja ; Hong, Ellen M. ; Steward, Earl ; Dilley, Katelyn K. ; Sterritt, Naya L. ; Kim, Sehwan ; Hill, Michael G. ; You, Joon S. ; Wong, Brian J. F.</creator><creatorcontrib>Park, Asher C. ; Chan, Carmen K. ; Hutchison, Dana M. ; Patel, Urja ; Hong, Ellen M. ; Steward, Earl ; Dilley, Katelyn K. ; Sterritt, Naya L. ; Kim, Sehwan ; Hill, Michael G. ; You, Joon S. ; Wong, Brian J. F.</creatorcontrib><description>Objectives
Traditional fat contouring is now regularly performed using numerous office‐based less invasive techniques. However, some limitations of these minimally invasive techniques include high cost or limited selectivity with performing localized contouring and reduction of fat. These shortcomings may potentially be addressed by electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL), a novel approach that involves the insertion of electrodes into tissue followed by application of a direct current (DC) electrical potential. This results in the hydrolysis of tissue water creating active species that lead to fat necrosis and apoptosis. ECLL can be accomplished using a simple voltage‐driven system (V‐ECLL) or a potential‐driven feedback cell (P‐ECLL) both leading to water electrolysis and the creation of acid and base in situ. The aim of this study is to determine the long‐lasting effects of targeted ECLL in a Yucatan pig model.
Methods
A 5‐year‐old Yucatan pig was treated with both V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL in the subcutaneous fat layer using 80:20 platinum:iridium needle electrodes along an 8 cm length. Dosimetry parameters included 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, and −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes. The pig was assessed for changes in fat reduction over 3 months with digital photography and ultrasound. After euthanasia, tissue sections were harvested and gross pathology and histology were examined.
Results
V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL treatments led to visible fat reduction (12.1%–27.7% and 9.4%–40.8%, respectively) and contour changes across several parameters. An increased reduction of the superficial fat layer occurred with increased dosimetry parameters with an average charge transfer of 12.5, 24.3, and 47.5 C transferred for 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, respectively, and 2.0, 11.5, and 24.0 C for −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes, respectively. These dose‐dependent changes were also evidenced by digital photography, gross pathology, ultrasound imaging, and histology.
Conclusions
ECLL results in selective damage and long‐lasting changes to the adipose layer in vivo. These changes are dose‐dependent, thus allowing for more precise contouring of target areas. P‐ECLL has greater efficiency and control of total charge transfer compared to V‐ECLL, suggesting that a low‐voltage potentiostat treatment can result in fat apoptosis equivalent to a high‐voltage DC system.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0196-8092</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-9101</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23620</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36511512</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Apoptosis ; body contouring ; Charge transfer ; Contouring ; Digital imaging ; Digital photography ; Direct current ; Dosimeters ; Dosimetry ; Electric potential ; electrochemical lipolysis ; Electrochemistry ; Electrodes ; Electrolysis ; Euthanasia ; fat necrosis ; fat reduction ; fat sculpting ; Histology ; Iridium ; Lipectomy - methods ; Lipolysis ; Mathematical models ; minimally invasive cosmetic procedures ; Necrosis ; Parameters ; Pathology ; Photography ; Platinum ; Proof of Concept Study ; Selectivity ; Subcutaneous Fat - diagnostic imaging ; Swine ; Tissues ; Ultrasonic imaging ; Ultrasonography ; Ultrasound ; Voltage</subject><ispartof>Lasers in surgery and medicine, 2023-01, Vol.55 (1), p.135-145</ispartof><rights>2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</rights><rights>2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3150-756c3a10a2c24d5b15ef68b4bb5ce2b7498be13293f9fe50afb4a708f0eb9a043</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3631-463X ; 0000-0001-6318-7384 ; 0000-0002-0084-2924</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Flsm.23620$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Flsm.23620$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36511512$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Park, Asher C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Carmen K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hutchison, Dana M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patel, Urja</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hong, Ellen M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steward, Earl</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dilley, Katelyn K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sterritt, Naya L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Sehwan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hill, Michael G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>You, Joon S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wong, Brian J. F.</creatorcontrib><title>In vivo electrochemical lipolysis of fat in a Yucatan pig model: A proof of concept study</title><title>Lasers in surgery and medicine</title><addtitle>Lasers Surg Med</addtitle><description>Objectives
Traditional fat contouring is now regularly performed using numerous office‐based less invasive techniques. However, some limitations of these minimally invasive techniques include high cost or limited selectivity with performing localized contouring and reduction of fat. These shortcomings may potentially be addressed by electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL), a novel approach that involves the insertion of electrodes into tissue followed by application of a direct current (DC) electrical potential. This results in the hydrolysis of tissue water creating active species that lead to fat necrosis and apoptosis. ECLL can be accomplished using a simple voltage‐driven system (V‐ECLL) or a potential‐driven feedback cell (P‐ECLL) both leading to water electrolysis and the creation of acid and base in situ. The aim of this study is to determine the long‐lasting effects of targeted ECLL in a Yucatan pig model.
Methods
A 5‐year‐old Yucatan pig was treated with both V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL in the subcutaneous fat layer using 80:20 platinum:iridium needle electrodes along an 8 cm length. Dosimetry parameters included 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, and −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes. The pig was assessed for changes in fat reduction over 3 months with digital photography and ultrasound. After euthanasia, tissue sections were harvested and gross pathology and histology were examined.
Results
V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL treatments led to visible fat reduction (12.1%–27.7% and 9.4%–40.8%, respectively) and contour changes across several parameters. An increased reduction of the superficial fat layer occurred with increased dosimetry parameters with an average charge transfer of 12.5, 24.3, and 47.5 C transferred for 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, respectively, and 2.0, 11.5, and 24.0 C for −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes, respectively. These dose‐dependent changes were also evidenced by digital photography, gross pathology, ultrasound imaging, and histology.
Conclusions
ECLL results in selective damage and long‐lasting changes to the adipose layer in vivo. These changes are dose‐dependent, thus allowing for more precise contouring of target areas. P‐ECLL has greater efficiency and control of total charge transfer compared to V‐ECLL, suggesting that a low‐voltage potentiostat treatment can result in fat apoptosis equivalent to a high‐voltage DC system.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>body contouring</subject><subject>Charge transfer</subject><subject>Contouring</subject><subject>Digital imaging</subject><subject>Digital photography</subject><subject>Direct current</subject><subject>Dosimeters</subject><subject>Dosimetry</subject><subject>Electric potential</subject><subject>electrochemical lipolysis</subject><subject>Electrochemistry</subject><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>Electrolysis</subject><subject>Euthanasia</subject><subject>fat necrosis</subject><subject>fat reduction</subject><subject>fat sculpting</subject><subject>Histology</subject><subject>Iridium</subject><subject>Lipectomy - methods</subject><subject>Lipolysis</subject><subject>Mathematical models</subject><subject>minimally invasive cosmetic procedures</subject><subject>Necrosis</subject><subject>Parameters</subject><subject>Pathology</subject><subject>Photography</subject><subject>Platinum</subject><subject>Proof of Concept Study</subject><subject>Selectivity</subject><subject>Subcutaneous Fat - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Swine</subject><subject>Tissues</subject><subject>Ultrasonic imaging</subject><subject>Ultrasonography</subject><subject>Ultrasound</subject><subject>Voltage</subject><issn>0196-8092</issn><issn>1096-9101</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kM9LwzAUgIMobk4P_gMS8OSh20vatI23MfwxmHhQDzuVJE20o21q00763xutehMCL4eP7z0-hM4JzAkAXZSumtMwpnCApgR4HHAC5BBNgfh_CpxO0IlzOwAIKSTHaBLGjBBG6BRt1zXeF3uLdalV11r1pqtCiRKXRWPLwRUOW4ON6HBRY4G3vRKdqHFTvOLK5rq8xkvctNYz_ilbK9102HV9PpyiIyNKp89-5gy93N48r-6DzePderXcBCokDIKExSoUBARVNMqZJEybOJWRlExpKpOIp1KTkPLQcKMZCCMjkUBqQEsuIApn6HL0-jPee-26bGf7tvYrM5okEEeM8thTVyOlWutcq03WtEUl2iEjkH1FzHzE7DuiZy9-jL2sdP5H_lbzwGIEPopSD_-bss3Tw6j8BA-QetA</recordid><startdate>202301</startdate><enddate>202301</enddate><creator>Park, Asher C.</creator><creator>Chan, Carmen K.</creator><creator>Hutchison, Dana M.</creator><creator>Patel, Urja</creator><creator>Hong, Ellen M.</creator><creator>Steward, Earl</creator><creator>Dilley, Katelyn K.</creator><creator>Sterritt, Naya L.</creator><creator>Kim, Sehwan</creator><creator>Hill, Michael G.</creator><creator>You, Joon S.</creator><creator>Wong, Brian J. F.</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7Z</scope><scope>P64</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3631-463X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-7384</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0084-2924</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202301</creationdate><title>In vivo electrochemical lipolysis of fat in a Yucatan pig model: A proof of concept study</title><author>Park, Asher C. ; Chan, Carmen K. ; Hutchison, Dana M. ; Patel, Urja ; Hong, Ellen M. ; Steward, Earl ; Dilley, Katelyn K. ; Sterritt, Naya L. ; Kim, Sehwan ; Hill, Michael G. ; You, Joon S. ; Wong, Brian J. F.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3150-756c3a10a2c24d5b15ef68b4bb5ce2b7498be13293f9fe50afb4a708f0eb9a043</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Apoptosis</topic><topic>body contouring</topic><topic>Charge transfer</topic><topic>Contouring</topic><topic>Digital imaging</topic><topic>Digital photography</topic><topic>Direct current</topic><topic>Dosimeters</topic><topic>Dosimetry</topic><topic>Electric potential</topic><topic>electrochemical lipolysis</topic><topic>Electrochemistry</topic><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>Electrolysis</topic><topic>Euthanasia</topic><topic>fat necrosis</topic><topic>fat reduction</topic><topic>fat sculpting</topic><topic>Histology</topic><topic>Iridium</topic><topic>Lipectomy - methods</topic><topic>Lipolysis</topic><topic>Mathematical models</topic><topic>minimally invasive cosmetic procedures</topic><topic>Necrosis</topic><topic>Parameters</topic><topic>Pathology</topic><topic>Photography</topic><topic>Platinum</topic><topic>Proof of Concept Study</topic><topic>Selectivity</topic><topic>Subcutaneous Fat - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Swine</topic><topic>Tissues</topic><topic>Ultrasonic imaging</topic><topic>Ultrasonography</topic><topic>Ultrasound</topic><topic>Voltage</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Park, Asher C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chan, Carmen K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hutchison, Dana M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patel, Urja</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hong, Ellen M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steward, Earl</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dilley, Katelyn K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sterritt, Naya L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Sehwan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hill, Michael G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>You, Joon S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wong, Brian J. F.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biochemistry Abstracts 1</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Lasers in surgery and medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Park, Asher C.</au><au>Chan, Carmen K.</au><au>Hutchison, Dana M.</au><au>Patel, Urja</au><au>Hong, Ellen M.</au><au>Steward, Earl</au><au>Dilley, Katelyn K.</au><au>Sterritt, Naya L.</au><au>Kim, Sehwan</au><au>Hill, Michael G.</au><au>You, Joon S.</au><au>Wong, Brian J. F.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>In vivo electrochemical lipolysis of fat in a Yucatan pig model: A proof of concept study</atitle><jtitle>Lasers in surgery and medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Lasers Surg Med</addtitle><date>2023-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>55</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>135</spage><epage>145</epage><pages>135-145</pages><issn>0196-8092</issn><eissn>1096-9101</eissn><abstract>Objectives
Traditional fat contouring is now regularly performed using numerous office‐based less invasive techniques. However, some limitations of these minimally invasive techniques include high cost or limited selectivity with performing localized contouring and reduction of fat. These shortcomings may potentially be addressed by electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL), a novel approach that involves the insertion of electrodes into tissue followed by application of a direct current (DC) electrical potential. This results in the hydrolysis of tissue water creating active species that lead to fat necrosis and apoptosis. ECLL can be accomplished using a simple voltage‐driven system (V‐ECLL) or a potential‐driven feedback cell (P‐ECLL) both leading to water electrolysis and the creation of acid and base in situ. The aim of this study is to determine the long‐lasting effects of targeted ECLL in a Yucatan pig model.
Methods
A 5‐year‐old Yucatan pig was treated with both V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL in the subcutaneous fat layer using 80:20 platinum:iridium needle electrodes along an 8 cm length. Dosimetry parameters included 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, and −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes. The pig was assessed for changes in fat reduction over 3 months with digital photography and ultrasound. After euthanasia, tissue sections were harvested and gross pathology and histology were examined.
Results
V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL treatments led to visible fat reduction (12.1%–27.7% and 9.4%–40.8%, respectively) and contour changes across several parameters. An increased reduction of the superficial fat layer occurred with increased dosimetry parameters with an average charge transfer of 12.5, 24.3, and 47.5 C transferred for 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, respectively, and 2.0, 11.5, and 24.0 C for −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes, respectively. These dose‐dependent changes were also evidenced by digital photography, gross pathology, ultrasound imaging, and histology.
Conclusions
ECLL results in selective damage and long‐lasting changes to the adipose layer in vivo. These changes are dose‐dependent, thus allowing for more precise contouring of target areas. P‐ECLL has greater efficiency and control of total charge transfer compared to V‐ECLL, suggesting that a low‐voltage potentiostat treatment can result in fat apoptosis equivalent to a high‐voltage DC system.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>36511512</pmid><doi>10.1002/lsm.23620</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3631-463X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-7384</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0084-2924</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Animals Apoptosis body contouring Charge transfer Contouring Digital imaging Digital photography Direct current Dosimeters Dosimetry Electric potential electrochemical lipolysis Electrochemistry Electrodes Electrolysis Euthanasia fat necrosis fat reduction fat sculpting Histology Iridium Lipectomy - methods Lipolysis Mathematical models minimally invasive cosmetic procedures Necrosis Parameters Pathology Photography Platinum Proof of Concept Study Selectivity Subcutaneous Fat - diagnostic imaging Swine Tissues Ultrasonic imaging Ultrasonography Ultrasound Voltage |
title | In vivo electrochemical lipolysis of fat in a Yucatan pig model: A proof of concept study |
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