Decadal Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfed Agriculture Community in Western Somaliland, Africa
The western region of Somaliland is prone to climate change and variability due to the widespread use of rainfed agriculture, which has been the practice historically since the colonization era; however, this mode of livelihood is losing its significance due to climate change. This research aims to...
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description | The western region of Somaliland is prone to climate change and variability due to the widespread use of rainfed agriculture, which has been the practice historically since the colonization era; however, this mode of livelihood is losing its significance due to climate change. This research aims to examine the impact of climate elements’ trends (rainfall and temperature) on rainfed agriculture communities and how these changes affect the rainfed agriculture community. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the major trends of precipitation and temperature over the past three decades, and to assess the level of awareness of climate change in communities’ perception of environmental change in terms of rainfed agriculture. Hence, the study adopted a mixed-methodology approach to concluding the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the research. The main outcome of this study was that climate change has been an active challenge in western rainfed agriculture regions of Somaliland for the last three decades. Decadal precipitation and temperature trend analysis (1985–2015) indicated reduced rainfall both annual and seasonal, and an increase in annual temperature, both in terms of the maximum and minimum. The decrease in annual total rainfall from the Awdal and Waqooyi Galbeed regions was 2 mm/year and 1.5 mm/year, respectively, while in the long rainy season, the decrease of rainfall was 1.4 mm per season and 0.88 mm per season, respectively. In the case of maximum and minimum annual temperatures, both stations depict an increase in temperature. This increase in temperature was 0.043–0.045 °C for the Awdal region and 0.06–0.02 °C for the Waqooyi Galbeed. The qualitative phase of this study supported the quantitative observations, and respondents (≥45 years of age) reported decreasing annual rainfall, a declining long rainy season, and increasing maximum and minimum temperatures. Furthermore, participants mentioned an increase in the occurrence of drought, a reduction of rainfed agriculture productivity, the disappearance of indigenous plants and animals, and an increase of exotic plant species. In addition to that, respondents outlined current adaptation practices; however, these adaptation strategies are short-term, and farmers need more appropriate and practical adaptation practices in the future. |
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This research aims to examine the impact of climate elements’ trends (rainfall and temperature) on rainfed agriculture communities and how these changes affect the rainfed agriculture community. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the major trends of precipitation and temperature over the past three decades, and to assess the level of awareness of climate change in communities’ perception of environmental change in terms of rainfed agriculture. Hence, the study adopted a mixed-methodology approach to concluding the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the research. The main outcome of this study was that climate change has been an active challenge in western rainfed agriculture regions of Somaliland for the last three decades. Decadal precipitation and temperature trend analysis (1985–2015) indicated reduced rainfall both annual and seasonal, and an increase in annual temperature, both in terms of the maximum and minimum. The decrease in annual total rainfall from the Awdal and Waqooyi Galbeed regions was 2 mm/year and 1.5 mm/year, respectively, while in the long rainy season, the decrease of rainfall was 1.4 mm per season and 0.88 mm per season, respectively. In the case of maximum and minimum annual temperatures, both stations depict an increase in temperature. This increase in temperature was 0.043–0.045 °C for the Awdal region and 0.06–0.02 °C for the Waqooyi Galbeed. The qualitative phase of this study supported the quantitative observations, and respondents (≥45 years of age) reported decreasing annual rainfall, a declining long rainy season, and increasing maximum and minimum temperatures. Furthermore, participants mentioned an increase in the occurrence of drought, a reduction of rainfed agriculture productivity, the disappearance of indigenous plants and animals, and an increase of exotic plant species. In addition to that, respondents outlined current adaptation practices; however, these adaptation strategies are short-term, and farmers need more appropriate and practical adaptation practices in the future.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su15010421</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Adaptation ; Agricultural industry ; Agricultural practices ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural research ; Agriculture ; Analysis ; Annual rainfall ; Climate change ; Climatic changes ; Colonization ; Community ; Corn ; Drought ; Droughts ; Economic aspects ; Environmental changes ; Ethiopia ; Farmers ; Focus groups ; Food ; Global temperature changes ; Indigenous plants ; Introduced plants ; Introduced species ; Kenya ; Plant species ; Precipitation ; Productivity ; Rain ; Rain and rainfall ; Rainfed farming ; Rainy season ; Seasons ; Somalia ; Sorghum ; Trend analysis ; Trends ; Variables</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2023-01, Vol.15 (1), p.421</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c368t-b8812959a1840202df156ffd8b4ee474d47301b18ecc9ee76f9f66e48610f8893</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c368t-b8812959a1840202df156ffd8b4ee474d47301b18ecc9ee76f9f66e48610f8893</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1658-8991 ; 0000-0002-9959-1247 ; 0000-0002-4015-5256 ; 0000-0001-7098-5966</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sharmake, Mohamed Aden</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sultan, Khawar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zaman, Qamar uz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rehman, Roeya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hussain, Afzal</creatorcontrib><title>Decadal Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfed Agriculture Community in Western Somaliland, Africa</title><title>Sustainability</title><description>The western region of Somaliland is prone to climate change and variability due to the widespread use of rainfed agriculture, which has been the practice historically since the colonization era; however, this mode of livelihood is losing its significance due to climate change. This research aims to examine the impact of climate elements’ trends (rainfall and temperature) on rainfed agriculture communities and how these changes affect the rainfed agriculture community. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the major trends of precipitation and temperature over the past three decades, and to assess the level of awareness of climate change in communities’ perception of environmental change in terms of rainfed agriculture. Hence, the study adopted a mixed-methodology approach to concluding the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the research. The main outcome of this study was that climate change has been an active challenge in western rainfed agriculture regions of Somaliland for the last three decades. Decadal precipitation and temperature trend analysis (1985–2015) indicated reduced rainfall both annual and seasonal, and an increase in annual temperature, both in terms of the maximum and minimum. The decrease in annual total rainfall from the Awdal and Waqooyi Galbeed regions was 2 mm/year and 1.5 mm/year, respectively, while in the long rainy season, the decrease of rainfall was 1.4 mm per season and 0.88 mm per season, respectively. In the case of maximum and minimum annual temperatures, both stations depict an increase in temperature. This increase in temperature was 0.043–0.045 °C for the Awdal region and 0.06–0.02 °C for the Waqooyi Galbeed. The qualitative phase of this study supported the quantitative observations, and respondents (≥45 years of age) reported decreasing annual rainfall, a declining long rainy season, and increasing maximum and minimum temperatures. Furthermore, participants mentioned an increase in the occurrence of drought, a reduction of rainfed agriculture productivity, the disappearance of indigenous plants and animals, and an increase of exotic plant species. In addition to that, respondents outlined current adaptation practices; however, these adaptation strategies are short-term, and farmers need more appropriate and practical adaptation practices in the future.</description><subject>Adaptation</subject><subject>Agricultural industry</subject><subject>Agricultural practices</subject><subject>Agricultural production</subject><subject>Agricultural research</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Annual rainfall</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Climatic changes</subject><subject>Colonization</subject><subject>Community</subject><subject>Corn</subject><subject>Drought</subject><subject>Droughts</subject><subject>Economic aspects</subject><subject>Environmental changes</subject><subject>Ethiopia</subject><subject>Farmers</subject><subject>Focus groups</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Global temperature changes</subject><subject>Indigenous plants</subject><subject>Introduced plants</subject><subject>Introduced species</subject><subject>Kenya</subject><subject>Plant species</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Productivity</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Rain and rainfall</subject><subject>Rainfed farming</subject><subject>Rainy season</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Somalia</subject><subject>Sorghum</subject><subject>Trend analysis</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>Variables</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkUtLAzEUhQdRsNRu_AUBV4pTc-eZLEt9FQpCq7gc08xNnTKT1CQD9t-bUkGbLHJJvnNukhNFl0DHacrpneshp0CzBE6iQUJLiIHm9PRffR6NnNvQMNIUOBSD6OMepahFS2bdVkjviFFk2jad8Eimn0KvkRhNFqLRCmsyWdtG9q3vbTg1Xdfrxu9Io8k7Oo9Wk6XpRNu0Qte3ZKICLC6iMyVah6PfdRi9PT68Tp_j-cvTbDqZxzItmI9XjEHCcy6AZTShSa0gL5Sq2SpDzMqszsqUwgoYSskRy0JxVRSYsQKoYoynw-jq4Lu15qsP16k2prc6tKySsoAkePIkUOMDtRYtVuFRxlshw6yxa6TRqJqwPymzEjgHthdcHwkC4_Hbr0XvXDVbLo7ZmwMrrXHOoqq2Nvyk3VVAq31C1V9C6Q9QzoBp</recordid><startdate>20230101</startdate><enddate>20230101</enddate><creator>Sharmake, Mohamed Aden</creator><creator>Sultan, Khawar</creator><creator>Zaman, Qamar uz</creator><creator>Rehman, Roeya</creator><creator>Hussain, Afzal</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1658-8991</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9959-1247</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4015-5256</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-5966</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230101</creationdate><title>Decadal Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfed Agriculture Community in Western Somaliland, Africa</title><author>Sharmake, Mohamed Aden ; Sultan, Khawar ; Zaman, Qamar uz ; Rehman, Roeya ; Hussain, Afzal</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c368t-b8812959a1840202df156ffd8b4ee474d47301b18ecc9ee76f9f66e48610f8893</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Adaptation</topic><topic>Agricultural industry</topic><topic>Agricultural practices</topic><topic>Agricultural production</topic><topic>Agricultural research</topic><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Annual rainfall</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Climatic changes</topic><topic>Colonization</topic><topic>Community</topic><topic>Corn</topic><topic>Drought</topic><topic>Droughts</topic><topic>Economic aspects</topic><topic>Environmental changes</topic><topic>Ethiopia</topic><topic>Farmers</topic><topic>Focus groups</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Global temperature changes</topic><topic>Indigenous plants</topic><topic>Introduced plants</topic><topic>Introduced species</topic><topic>Kenya</topic><topic>Plant species</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Productivity</topic><topic>Rain</topic><topic>Rain and rainfall</topic><topic>Rainfed farming</topic><topic>Rainy season</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>Somalia</topic><topic>Sorghum</topic><topic>Trend analysis</topic><topic>Trends</topic><topic>Variables</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sharmake, Mohamed Aden</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sultan, Khawar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zaman, Qamar uz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rehman, Roeya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hussain, Afzal</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Coronavirus Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sharmake, Mohamed Aden</au><au>Sultan, Khawar</au><au>Zaman, Qamar uz</au><au>Rehman, Roeya</au><au>Hussain, Afzal</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Decadal Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfed Agriculture Community in Western Somaliland, Africa</atitle><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle><date>2023-01-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>421</spage><pages>421-</pages><issn>2071-1050</issn><eissn>2071-1050</eissn><abstract>The western region of Somaliland is prone to climate change and variability due to the widespread use of rainfed agriculture, which has been the practice historically since the colonization era; however, this mode of livelihood is losing its significance due to climate change. This research aims to examine the impact of climate elements’ trends (rainfall and temperature) on rainfed agriculture communities and how these changes affect the rainfed agriculture community. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the major trends of precipitation and temperature over the past three decades, and to assess the level of awareness of climate change in communities’ perception of environmental change in terms of rainfed agriculture. Hence, the study adopted a mixed-methodology approach to concluding the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the research. The main outcome of this study was that climate change has been an active challenge in western rainfed agriculture regions of Somaliland for the last three decades. Decadal precipitation and temperature trend analysis (1985–2015) indicated reduced rainfall both annual and seasonal, and an increase in annual temperature, both in terms of the maximum and minimum. The decrease in annual total rainfall from the Awdal and Waqooyi Galbeed regions was 2 mm/year and 1.5 mm/year, respectively, while in the long rainy season, the decrease of rainfall was 1.4 mm per season and 0.88 mm per season, respectively. In the case of maximum and minimum annual temperatures, both stations depict an increase in temperature. This increase in temperature was 0.043–0.045 °C for the Awdal region and 0.06–0.02 °C for the Waqooyi Galbeed. The qualitative phase of this study supported the quantitative observations, and respondents (≥45 years of age) reported decreasing annual rainfall, a declining long rainy season, and increasing maximum and minimum temperatures. Furthermore, participants mentioned an increase in the occurrence of drought, a reduction of rainfed agriculture productivity, the disappearance of indigenous plants and animals, and an increase of exotic plant species. In addition to that, respondents outlined current adaptation practices; however, these adaptation strategies are short-term, and farmers need more appropriate and practical adaptation practices in the future.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/su15010421</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1658-8991</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9959-1247</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4015-5256</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-5966</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adaptation Agricultural industry Agricultural practices Agricultural production Agricultural research Agriculture Analysis Annual rainfall Climate change Climatic changes Colonization Community Corn Drought Droughts Economic aspects Environmental changes Ethiopia Farmers Focus groups Food Global temperature changes Indigenous plants Introduced plants Introduced species Kenya Plant species Precipitation Productivity Rain Rain and rainfall Rainfed farming Rainy season Seasons Somalia Sorghum Trend analysis Trends Variables |
title | Decadal Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfed Agriculture Community in Western Somaliland, Africa |
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