Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs) and Solar Tide Behavior in the Dissipative Thermosphere
This paper quantifies and interprets how thermosphere dissipation in the form of molecular viscosity, molecular thermal conductivity and collisions with ions (“ion drag”) determines the height versus latitude structures of a variety of migrating and non‐migrating solar thermal tides, pole‐to‐pole up...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of geophysical research. Space physics 2022-11, Vol.127 (11), p.n/a |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
container_end_page | n/a |
---|---|
container_issue | 11 |
container_start_page | |
container_title | Journal of geophysical research. Space physics |
container_volume | 127 |
creator | Forbes, Jeffrey M. Zhang, Xiaoli |
description | This paper quantifies and interprets how thermosphere dissipation in the form of molecular viscosity, molecular thermal conductivity and collisions with ions (“ion drag”) determines the height versus latitude structures of a variety of migrating and non‐migrating solar thermal tides, pole‐to‐pole up to 400 km altitude. This is done through computation of thermosphere Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs); that is, solutions to the linearized momentum, thermal energy, continuity, state and hydrostatic balance equations wherein the horizontal structure of troposphere forcing for each HME corresponds to the eigenfunction (Hough function) of Laplace's tidal equation for a particular tidal mode, and the background state and thermosphere dissipation are specified for nominal solar minimum, average and maximum activity conditions. The broad features revealed, different for each HME, include changes in vertical(horizontal) structure with latitude(height), degree of vertical penetration to the middle and upper thermosphere, changes in vertical wavelength (λz) with height due to the transition in background thermal gradient around the mesopause, and insights into role of ion drag in determining tidal amplitudes and their solar cycle variability. The HMEs are particularly useful for fitting measurements of tides, and for estimating tidal fields beyond those dependent variables actually fit and including those outside the fitting domain. The HMEs reported here were created as part of the Ionospheric CONnection (ICON) mission to serve as observation‐based lower boundary conditions for Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere General Circulation Model‐ICON. Access to the full set of HMEs in tabular and graphical form is provided.
Key Points
Dissipation broadens amplitude(phase) latitudinal(vertical) structures with increasing height(latitude)
Vertical wavelength shortening occurs with the shift to positive background thermal gradient above the mesopause
Molecular dissipation and ion drag result in decreased amplitudes with increasing solar activity at 400 km |
doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2022JA030962 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2740344230</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2740344230</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3509-f98fcc517d5686c53f4bde49fc80de18f2bfa9e9176cf626642f00539689aa823</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kF9LwzAUxYMoOObe_AABXxSs5k-TJo9zzs2xIWh9Llmb2IytqUk33bc3MgWfvC_ncvlxDvcAcI7RDUZE3hJEyGyIKJKcHIEewVwmMkXk-HenAp2CQQgrFEfEE2Y9kE_d9q2GC1dpOP7sdBOsawK8nC7G4QqqpoIvbq08zG0E7nStdtZ5aBvY1Rre2xBsqzq70zCvtd-40EbRZ-DEqHXQgx_tg9eHcT6aJvOnyeNoOE9KypBMjBSmLBnOKsYFLxk16bLSqTSlQJXGwpClUVJLnPHScMJ5SgxCjEoupFKC0D64OPi23r1vdeiKldv6JkYWJEsRTVNCUaSuD1TpXQhem6L1dqP8vsCo-K6u-FtdxOkB_7Brvf-XLWaT5yHL4i_0C80wbZM</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2740344230</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs) and Solar Tide Behavior in the Dissipative Thermosphere</title><source>Wiley Online Library Free Content</source><source>Access via Wiley Online Library</source><creator>Forbes, Jeffrey M. ; Zhang, Xiaoli</creator><creatorcontrib>Forbes, Jeffrey M. ; Zhang, Xiaoli</creatorcontrib><description>This paper quantifies and interprets how thermosphere dissipation in the form of molecular viscosity, molecular thermal conductivity and collisions with ions (“ion drag”) determines the height versus latitude structures of a variety of migrating and non‐migrating solar thermal tides, pole‐to‐pole up to 400 km altitude. This is done through computation of thermosphere Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs); that is, solutions to the linearized momentum, thermal energy, continuity, state and hydrostatic balance equations wherein the horizontal structure of troposphere forcing for each HME corresponds to the eigenfunction (Hough function) of Laplace's tidal equation for a particular tidal mode, and the background state and thermosphere dissipation are specified for nominal solar minimum, average and maximum activity conditions. The broad features revealed, different for each HME, include changes in vertical(horizontal) structure with latitude(height), degree of vertical penetration to the middle and upper thermosphere, changes in vertical wavelength (λz) with height due to the transition in background thermal gradient around the mesopause, and insights into role of ion drag in determining tidal amplitudes and their solar cycle variability. The HMEs are particularly useful for fitting measurements of tides, and for estimating tidal fields beyond those dependent variables actually fit and including those outside the fitting domain. The HMEs reported here were created as part of the Ionospheric CONnection (ICON) mission to serve as observation‐based lower boundary conditions for Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere General Circulation Model‐ICON. Access to the full set of HMEs in tabular and graphical form is provided.
Key Points
Dissipation broadens amplitude(phase) latitudinal(vertical) structures with increasing height(latitude)
Vertical wavelength shortening occurs with the shift to positive background thermal gradient above the mesopause
Molecular dissipation and ion drag result in decreased amplitudes with increasing solar activity at 400 km</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9380</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9402</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2022JA030962</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Boundary conditions ; Dependent variables ; Dissipation ; dissipative ; Drag ; Eigenvectors ; General circulation models ; HME ; Hough function ; Ion drag ; Ionosphere ; Latitude ; Mesopause ; Mesosphere ; Solar cycle ; Solar heating ; Solar minimum ; solar thermal tides ; Solar tides ; Temperature gradients ; Thermal conductivity ; Thermal energy ; Thermosphere ; Tidal amplitude ; Tides ; Troposphere ; Upper thermosphere ; Vertical penetration ; Viscosity</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics, 2022-11, Vol.127 (11), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2022. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3509-f98fcc517d5686c53f4bde49fc80de18f2bfa9e9176cf626642f00539689aa823</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3509-f98fcc517d5686c53f4bde49fc80de18f2bfa9e9176cf626642f00539689aa823</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0900-9581 ; 0000-0001-6937-0796</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2022JA030962$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2022JA030962$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,1433,27924,27925,45574,45575,46409,46833</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Forbes, Jeffrey M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xiaoli</creatorcontrib><title>Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs) and Solar Tide Behavior in the Dissipative Thermosphere</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics</title><description>This paper quantifies and interprets how thermosphere dissipation in the form of molecular viscosity, molecular thermal conductivity and collisions with ions (“ion drag”) determines the height versus latitude structures of a variety of migrating and non‐migrating solar thermal tides, pole‐to‐pole up to 400 km altitude. This is done through computation of thermosphere Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs); that is, solutions to the linearized momentum, thermal energy, continuity, state and hydrostatic balance equations wherein the horizontal structure of troposphere forcing for each HME corresponds to the eigenfunction (Hough function) of Laplace's tidal equation for a particular tidal mode, and the background state and thermosphere dissipation are specified for nominal solar minimum, average and maximum activity conditions. The broad features revealed, different for each HME, include changes in vertical(horizontal) structure with latitude(height), degree of vertical penetration to the middle and upper thermosphere, changes in vertical wavelength (λz) with height due to the transition in background thermal gradient around the mesopause, and insights into role of ion drag in determining tidal amplitudes and their solar cycle variability. The HMEs are particularly useful for fitting measurements of tides, and for estimating tidal fields beyond those dependent variables actually fit and including those outside the fitting domain. The HMEs reported here were created as part of the Ionospheric CONnection (ICON) mission to serve as observation‐based lower boundary conditions for Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere General Circulation Model‐ICON. Access to the full set of HMEs in tabular and graphical form is provided.
Key Points
Dissipation broadens amplitude(phase) latitudinal(vertical) structures with increasing height(latitude)
Vertical wavelength shortening occurs with the shift to positive background thermal gradient above the mesopause
Molecular dissipation and ion drag result in decreased amplitudes with increasing solar activity at 400 km</description><subject>Boundary conditions</subject><subject>Dependent variables</subject><subject>Dissipation</subject><subject>dissipative</subject><subject>Drag</subject><subject>Eigenvectors</subject><subject>General circulation models</subject><subject>HME</subject><subject>Hough function</subject><subject>Ion drag</subject><subject>Ionosphere</subject><subject>Latitude</subject><subject>Mesopause</subject><subject>Mesosphere</subject><subject>Solar cycle</subject><subject>Solar heating</subject><subject>Solar minimum</subject><subject>solar thermal tides</subject><subject>Solar tides</subject><subject>Temperature gradients</subject><subject>Thermal conductivity</subject><subject>Thermal energy</subject><subject>Thermosphere</subject><subject>Tidal amplitude</subject><subject>Tides</subject><subject>Troposphere</subject><subject>Upper thermosphere</subject><subject>Vertical penetration</subject><subject>Viscosity</subject><issn>2169-9380</issn><issn>2169-9402</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kF9LwzAUxYMoOObe_AABXxSs5k-TJo9zzs2xIWh9Llmb2IytqUk33bc3MgWfvC_ncvlxDvcAcI7RDUZE3hJEyGyIKJKcHIEewVwmMkXk-HenAp2CQQgrFEfEE2Y9kE_d9q2GC1dpOP7sdBOsawK8nC7G4QqqpoIvbq08zG0E7nStdtZ5aBvY1Rre2xBsqzq70zCvtd-40EbRZ-DEqHXQgx_tg9eHcT6aJvOnyeNoOE9KypBMjBSmLBnOKsYFLxk16bLSqTSlQJXGwpClUVJLnPHScMJ5SgxCjEoupFKC0D64OPi23r1vdeiKldv6JkYWJEsRTVNCUaSuD1TpXQhem6L1dqP8vsCo-K6u-FtdxOkB_7Brvf-XLWaT5yHL4i_0C80wbZM</recordid><startdate>202211</startdate><enddate>202211</enddate><creator>Forbes, Jeffrey M.</creator><creator>Zhang, Xiaoli</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0900-9581</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6937-0796</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202211</creationdate><title>Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs) and Solar Tide Behavior in the Dissipative Thermosphere</title><author>Forbes, Jeffrey M. ; Zhang, Xiaoli</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3509-f98fcc517d5686c53f4bde49fc80de18f2bfa9e9176cf626642f00539689aa823</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Boundary conditions</topic><topic>Dependent variables</topic><topic>Dissipation</topic><topic>dissipative</topic><topic>Drag</topic><topic>Eigenvectors</topic><topic>General circulation models</topic><topic>HME</topic><topic>Hough function</topic><topic>Ion drag</topic><topic>Ionosphere</topic><topic>Latitude</topic><topic>Mesopause</topic><topic>Mesosphere</topic><topic>Solar cycle</topic><topic>Solar heating</topic><topic>Solar minimum</topic><topic>solar thermal tides</topic><topic>Solar tides</topic><topic>Temperature gradients</topic><topic>Thermal conductivity</topic><topic>Thermal energy</topic><topic>Thermosphere</topic><topic>Tidal amplitude</topic><topic>Tides</topic><topic>Troposphere</topic><topic>Upper thermosphere</topic><topic>Vertical penetration</topic><topic>Viscosity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Forbes, Jeffrey M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xiaoli</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Forbes, Jeffrey M.</au><au>Zhang, Xiaoli</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs) and Solar Tide Behavior in the Dissipative Thermosphere</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics</jtitle><date>2022-11</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>127</volume><issue>11</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2169-9380</issn><eissn>2169-9402</eissn><abstract>This paper quantifies and interprets how thermosphere dissipation in the form of molecular viscosity, molecular thermal conductivity and collisions with ions (“ion drag”) determines the height versus latitude structures of a variety of migrating and non‐migrating solar thermal tides, pole‐to‐pole up to 400 km altitude. This is done through computation of thermosphere Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs); that is, solutions to the linearized momentum, thermal energy, continuity, state and hydrostatic balance equations wherein the horizontal structure of troposphere forcing for each HME corresponds to the eigenfunction (Hough function) of Laplace's tidal equation for a particular tidal mode, and the background state and thermosphere dissipation are specified for nominal solar minimum, average and maximum activity conditions. The broad features revealed, different for each HME, include changes in vertical(horizontal) structure with latitude(height), degree of vertical penetration to the middle and upper thermosphere, changes in vertical wavelength (λz) with height due to the transition in background thermal gradient around the mesopause, and insights into role of ion drag in determining tidal amplitudes and their solar cycle variability. The HMEs are particularly useful for fitting measurements of tides, and for estimating tidal fields beyond those dependent variables actually fit and including those outside the fitting domain. The HMEs reported here were created as part of the Ionospheric CONnection (ICON) mission to serve as observation‐based lower boundary conditions for Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere General Circulation Model‐ICON. Access to the full set of HMEs in tabular and graphical form is provided.
Key Points
Dissipation broadens amplitude(phase) latitudinal(vertical) structures with increasing height(latitude)
Vertical wavelength shortening occurs with the shift to positive background thermal gradient above the mesopause
Molecular dissipation and ion drag result in decreased amplitudes with increasing solar activity at 400 km</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2022JA030962</doi><tpages>20</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0900-9581</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6937-0796</orcidid></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 2169-9380 |
ispartof | Journal of geophysical research. Space physics, 2022-11, Vol.127 (11), p.n/a |
issn | 2169-9380 2169-9402 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2740344230 |
source | Wiley Online Library Free Content; Access via Wiley Online Library |
subjects | Boundary conditions Dependent variables Dissipation dissipative Drag Eigenvectors General circulation models HME Hough function Ion drag Ionosphere Latitude Mesopause Mesosphere Solar cycle Solar heating Solar minimum solar thermal tides Solar tides Temperature gradients Thermal conductivity Thermal energy Thermosphere Tidal amplitude Tides Troposphere Upper thermosphere Vertical penetration Viscosity |
title | Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs) and Solar Tide Behavior in the Dissipative Thermosphere |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-23T01%3A11%3A01IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hough%20Mode%20Extensions%20(HMEs)%20and%20Solar%20Tide%20Behavior%20in%20the%20Dissipative%20Thermosphere&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20geophysical%20research.%20Space%20physics&rft.au=Forbes,%20Jeffrey%20M.&rft.date=2022-11&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=11&rft.epage=n/a&rft.issn=2169-9380&rft.eissn=2169-9402&rft_id=info:doi/10.1029/2022JA030962&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E2740344230%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2740344230&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true |