Suitable Tillage Depth Promotes Maize Yields by Changing Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in A 3-Year Experiment in the North China Plain
Rotary tillage is a common farming method because of its ease of operation and low cost in the North China Plain. However, the rotary tillage depth is generally no more than 20 cm, and successive years of rotary tillage harden the root soil layers, which reduces maize’s ability to take root into the...
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description | Rotary tillage is a common farming method because of its ease of operation and low cost in the North China Plain. However, the rotary tillage depth is generally no more than 20 cm, and successive years of rotary tillage harden the root soil layers, which reduces maize’s ability to take root into the deep layer and decreases maize yields. The impact of the different rotary tillage depths and different plow pan thicknesses on maize yields was unclear and needs further study. In this study, a 3-year experiment was conducted, and three rotary tillage depths were designed: 20 cm tillage depth (D20), 25 cm tillage depth (D25), and 30 cm tillage depth (D30). The effects of different rotary tillage depths on soil’s physical and chemical properties, water use efficiency, photosynthetic rate, and maize yields were investigated. The results showed that soil bulk density significantly decreased and field capacity significantly increased in 10–30 cm soil layers by increasing the rotary tillage depths; soil water consumption, photosynthetic rate, and maize yields of D25 significantly increased in comparison to those of D20 and D30; soil bulk density, plow pan thickness, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium had an obvious negative correlation with tillage depth and field capacity; the Denitrification–Decomposition (DNDC) model predicted maize yields well; structural equation models (SEM) revealed that rotary tillage depths and soil water consumption played an important role on maize yields; and D25 could increase maize yields by improving maize water use efficiency and photosynthetic rate. The tillage depth of 25 cm is a suitable rotary tillage depth for the increase in maize yields in the North China Plain. |
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However, the rotary tillage depth is generally no more than 20 cm, and successive years of rotary tillage harden the root soil layers, which reduces maize’s ability to take root into the deep layer and decreases maize yields. The impact of the different rotary tillage depths and different plow pan thicknesses on maize yields was unclear and needs further study. In this study, a 3-year experiment was conducted, and three rotary tillage depths were designed: 20 cm tillage depth (D20), 25 cm tillage depth (D25), and 30 cm tillage depth (D30). The effects of different rotary tillage depths on soil’s physical and chemical properties, water use efficiency, photosynthetic rate, and maize yields were investigated. The results showed that soil bulk density significantly decreased and field capacity significantly increased in 10–30 cm soil layers by increasing the rotary tillage depths; soil water consumption, photosynthetic rate, and maize yields of D25 significantly increased in comparison to those of D20 and D30; soil bulk density, plow pan thickness, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium had an obvious negative correlation with tillage depth and field capacity; the Denitrification–Decomposition (DNDC) model predicted maize yields well; structural equation models (SEM) revealed that rotary tillage depths and soil water consumption played an important role on maize yields; and D25 could increase maize yields by improving maize water use efficiency and photosynthetic rate. The tillage depth of 25 cm is a suitable rotary tillage depth for the increase in maize yields in the North China Plain.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su142215134</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Agricultural equipment ; Agricultural practices ; Agricultural production ; Bulk density ; Chemical properties ; Corn ; Crop yield ; Crop yields ; Environmental aspects ; Field capacity ; Harvest ; Methods ; Moisture content ; Multivariate statistical analysis ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Photosynthesis ; Physiological aspects ; Plows ; Potassium ; Properties ; Seeds ; Soil density ; Soil layers ; Soil properties ; Soil water ; Soils ; Thickness ; Tillage ; Variance analysis ; Water consumption ; Water depth ; Water use ; Water use efficiency</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2022-11, Vol.14 (22), p.15134</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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However, the rotary tillage depth is generally no more than 20 cm, and successive years of rotary tillage harden the root soil layers, which reduces maize’s ability to take root into the deep layer and decreases maize yields. The impact of the different rotary tillage depths and different plow pan thicknesses on maize yields was unclear and needs further study. In this study, a 3-year experiment was conducted, and three rotary tillage depths were designed: 20 cm tillage depth (D20), 25 cm tillage depth (D25), and 30 cm tillage depth (D30). The effects of different rotary tillage depths on soil’s physical and chemical properties, water use efficiency, photosynthetic rate, and maize yields were investigated. The results showed that soil bulk density significantly decreased and field capacity significantly increased in 10–30 cm soil layers by increasing the rotary tillage depths; soil water consumption, photosynthetic rate, and maize yields of D25 significantly increased in comparison to those of D20 and D30; soil bulk density, plow pan thickness, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium had an obvious negative correlation with tillage depth and field capacity; the Denitrification–Decomposition (DNDC) model predicted maize yields well; structural equation models (SEM) revealed that rotary tillage depths and soil water consumption played an important role on maize yields; and D25 could increase maize yields by improving maize water use efficiency and photosynthetic rate. The tillage depth of 25 cm is a suitable rotary tillage depth for the increase in maize yields in the North China Plain.</description><subject>Agricultural equipment</subject><subject>Agricultural practices</subject><subject>Agricultural production</subject><subject>Bulk density</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>Corn</subject><subject>Crop yield</subject><subject>Crop yields</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Field capacity</subject><subject>Harvest</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Multivariate statistical analysis</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Phosphorus</subject><subject>Photosynthesis</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Plows</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Properties</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Soil density</subject><subject>Soil layers</subject><subject>Soil properties</subject><subject>Soil water</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Thickness</subject><subject>Tillage</subject><subject>Variance analysis</subject><subject>Water consumption</subject><subject>Water depth</subject><subject>Water use</subject><subject>Water use efficiency</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkcFu1DAQhiMEElXpiRewxAmhFE-cjdfH1dJCpQIrthx6iibJOHHltRfbkbo8BM-Ml-XQeg72_P5-jzxTFG-BXwqh-Mc4Q11VsABRvyjOKi6hBL7gL5-cXxcXMT7wvIQABc1Z8Wc7m4SdJXZnrMWR2Cfap4ltgt_5RJF9RfOb2L0hO0TWHdh6QjcaN7KtN5ZtpkM0PVqGbshXtPuXZPOeQjLZbhxbMVHeEwZ29ZhVsyOXjnKaiH3zIddaT8Yh21g07k3xSqONdPF_Py9-Xl_drb-Ut98_36xXt2UvJKSSehQKKoFN0y81X4JoFALkNiyaoWmEXAwSoOrqCmqtkeuhIxh6BbrjCLoX58W707v74H_NFFP74Ofgcsm2kkLVsgGlMnV5oka01BqnfQrY5xiOH_WOtMn6StYSlkpKkQ3vnxkyk-gxjTjH2N5sfzxnP5zYPvgYA-l2n5uD4dACb48DbZ8MVPwF9R-RSw</recordid><startdate>20221101</startdate><enddate>20221101</enddate><creator>Wang, Lishu</creator><creator>Guo, Haigang</creator><creator>Wang, Lixuan</creator><creator>Cheng, Dongjuan</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20221101</creationdate><title>Suitable Tillage Depth Promotes Maize Yields by Changing Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in A 3-Year Experiment in the North China Plain</title><author>Wang, Lishu ; Guo, Haigang ; Wang, Lixuan ; Cheng, Dongjuan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c371t-eca39123a66c8f081369a1133956d66375d7112b4214ffa0fdbe1dc91fb0a1fc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Agricultural equipment</topic><topic>Agricultural practices</topic><topic>Agricultural production</topic><topic>Bulk density</topic><topic>Chemical properties</topic><topic>Corn</topic><topic>Crop yield</topic><topic>Crop yields</topic><topic>Environmental aspects</topic><topic>Field capacity</topic><topic>Harvest</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Moisture content</topic><topic>Multivariate statistical analysis</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Phosphorus</topic><topic>Photosynthesis</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Plows</topic><topic>Potassium</topic><topic>Properties</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>Soil density</topic><topic>Soil layers</topic><topic>Soil properties</topic><topic>Soil water</topic><topic>Soils</topic><topic>Thickness</topic><topic>Tillage</topic><topic>Variance analysis</topic><topic>Water consumption</topic><topic>Water depth</topic><topic>Water use</topic><topic>Water use efficiency</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lishu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Haigang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lixuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Dongjuan</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wang, Lishu</au><au>Guo, Haigang</au><au>Wang, Lixuan</au><au>Cheng, Dongjuan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Suitable Tillage Depth Promotes Maize Yields by Changing Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in A 3-Year Experiment in the North China Plain</atitle><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle><date>2022-11-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>22</issue><spage>15134</spage><pages>15134-</pages><issn>2071-1050</issn><eissn>2071-1050</eissn><abstract>Rotary tillage is a common farming method because of its ease of operation and low cost in the North China Plain. However, the rotary tillage depth is generally no more than 20 cm, and successive years of rotary tillage harden the root soil layers, which reduces maize’s ability to take root into the deep layer and decreases maize yields. The impact of the different rotary tillage depths and different plow pan thicknesses on maize yields was unclear and needs further study. In this study, a 3-year experiment was conducted, and three rotary tillage depths were designed: 20 cm tillage depth (D20), 25 cm tillage depth (D25), and 30 cm tillage depth (D30). The effects of different rotary tillage depths on soil’s physical and chemical properties, water use efficiency, photosynthetic rate, and maize yields were investigated. The results showed that soil bulk density significantly decreased and field capacity significantly increased in 10–30 cm soil layers by increasing the rotary tillage depths; soil water consumption, photosynthetic rate, and maize yields of D25 significantly increased in comparison to those of D20 and D30; soil bulk density, plow pan thickness, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium had an obvious negative correlation with tillage depth and field capacity; the Denitrification–Decomposition (DNDC) model predicted maize yields well; structural equation models (SEM) revealed that rotary tillage depths and soil water consumption played an important role on maize yields; and D25 could increase maize yields by improving maize water use efficiency and photosynthetic rate. The tillage depth of 25 cm is a suitable rotary tillage depth for the increase in maize yields in the North China Plain.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/su142215134</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Agricultural equipment Agricultural practices Agricultural production Bulk density Chemical properties Corn Crop yield Crop yields Environmental aspects Field capacity Harvest Methods Moisture content Multivariate statistical analysis Nutrients Phosphorus Photosynthesis Physiological aspects Plows Potassium Properties Seeds Soil density Soil layers Soil properties Soil water Soils Thickness Tillage Variance analysis Water consumption Water depth Water use Water use efficiency |
title | Suitable Tillage Depth Promotes Maize Yields by Changing Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in A 3-Year Experiment in the North China Plain |
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