Assessment of Sand and Glass Industry in Saudi Arabia
Although the economic value of glass products and its importance to the Saudi National Economy is vast, not much information is available about the current state of the art of the industry. Likewise, little information is available about geography, potential sites for mining sand and the sand qualit...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Sustainability 2022-10, Vol.14 (19), p.12904 |
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description | Although the economic value of glass products and its importance to the Saudi National Economy is vast, not much information is available about the current state of the art of the industry. Likewise, little information is available about geography, potential sites for mining sand and the sand quality. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by presenting a feasibility study of fabricating normal glass and glass ceramics from Saudi Arabia’s domestically available raw materials. It discusses the current status of the glass industry in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East region. It also gives a brief explanation about the sand topography in Saudi Arabia. In order to determine the feasibility of fabricating glass using these raw materials, experimental data on the fabrication of normal glass and glass ceramics from indigenously available raw materials was obtained and reported as part of the findings of this paper. Firstly, normal transparent glass was able to be fabricated without any apparent large defects using sand collected from the Ar Rayis region in Saudi Arabia. Four nano-sized crystallization catalysts, namely VC, WC, TiC and Y2O3, were added to the constituents of the glass in 3 wt.%. For VC, the crystallization process was limited. The glass ceramics of WC consisted of multi-dimensional edges crystals which covered all the matrix. Gray crystalline whiskers were obtained by addition of TiC. The Y2O3- glass ceramics consisted of multi-directionally rosette crystals. Finally, the microhardness values of the added crystallization catalysts glass ceramics were obtained and found to be much higher compared to normal glass. The results show that glass of high quality can be produced specifically for the Ar Rayis region which would be of interest to researchers, the glass industry personnel and potential investors. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/su141912904 |
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I ; Shaharoun, Awaluddin Mohamed ; Aljabri, Abdulrahman ; Almohamadi, Hamad ; Farhan, Mohammed</creator><creatorcontrib>Mahmoud, Essam R. I ; Shaharoun, Awaluddin Mohamed ; Aljabri, Abdulrahman ; Almohamadi, Hamad ; Farhan, Mohammed</creatorcontrib><description>Although the economic value of glass products and its importance to the Saudi National Economy is vast, not much information is available about the current state of the art of the industry. Likewise, little information is available about geography, potential sites for mining sand and the sand quality. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by presenting a feasibility study of fabricating normal glass and glass ceramics from Saudi Arabia’s domestically available raw materials. It discusses the current status of the glass industry in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East region. It also gives a brief explanation about the sand topography in Saudi Arabia. In order to determine the feasibility of fabricating glass using these raw materials, experimental data on the fabrication of normal glass and glass ceramics from indigenously available raw materials was obtained and reported as part of the findings of this paper. Firstly, normal transparent glass was able to be fabricated without any apparent large defects using sand collected from the Ar Rayis region in Saudi Arabia. Four nano-sized crystallization catalysts, namely VC, WC, TiC and Y2O3, were added to the constituents of the glass in 3 wt.%. For VC, the crystallization process was limited. The glass ceramics of WC consisted of multi-dimensional edges crystals which covered all the matrix. Gray crystalline whiskers were obtained by addition of TiC. The Y2O3- glass ceramics consisted of multi-directionally rosette crystals. Finally, the microhardness values of the added crystallization catalysts glass ceramics were obtained and found to be much higher compared to normal glass. The results show that glass of high quality can be produced specifically for the Ar Rayis region which would be of interest to researchers, the glass industry personnel and potential investors.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su141912904</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Budgets ; Building materials industry ; Catalysts ; Ceramics ; Construction industry ; Consumption ; Crystal defects ; Crystallization ; Crystals ; Economic aspects ; Economic growth ; Economic research ; Fabrication ; Feasibility studies ; Geography ; Glass ; Glass ceramics ; Glass industry ; Infrastructure ; Manufacturing ; Microhardness ; Raw materials ; Sand ; Sand, gravel and stone industry ; Solar energy ; Sustainability ; Titanium carbide ; Whiskers (metals) ; Yttrium oxide</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2022-10, Vol.14 (19), p.12904</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c329t-1ddacf769b11248087243c6ad06678e740769e61b4dce902f4c53efac5eb94243</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-7794-434X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mahmoud, Essam R. 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In order to determine the feasibility of fabricating glass using these raw materials, experimental data on the fabrication of normal glass and glass ceramics from indigenously available raw materials was obtained and reported as part of the findings of this paper. Firstly, normal transparent glass was able to be fabricated without any apparent large defects using sand collected from the Ar Rayis region in Saudi Arabia. Four nano-sized crystallization catalysts, namely VC, WC, TiC and Y2O3, were added to the constituents of the glass in 3 wt.%. For VC, the crystallization process was limited. The glass ceramics of WC consisted of multi-dimensional edges crystals which covered all the matrix. Gray crystalline whiskers were obtained by addition of TiC. The Y2O3- glass ceramics consisted of multi-directionally rosette crystals. Finally, the microhardness values of the added crystallization catalysts glass ceramics were obtained and found to be much higher compared to normal glass. The results show that glass of high quality can be produced specifically for the Ar Rayis region which would be of interest to researchers, the glass industry personnel and potential investors.</description><subject>Budgets</subject><subject>Building materials industry</subject><subject>Catalysts</subject><subject>Ceramics</subject><subject>Construction industry</subject><subject>Consumption</subject><subject>Crystal defects</subject><subject>Crystallization</subject><subject>Crystals</subject><subject>Economic aspects</subject><subject>Economic growth</subject><subject>Economic research</subject><subject>Fabrication</subject><subject>Feasibility studies</subject><subject>Geography</subject><subject>Glass</subject><subject>Glass ceramics</subject><subject>Glass industry</subject><subject>Infrastructure</subject><subject>Manufacturing</subject><subject>Microhardness</subject><subject>Raw materials</subject><subject>Sand</subject><subject>Sand, gravel and stone industry</subject><subject>Solar energy</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Titanium carbide</subject><subject>Whiskers (metals)</subject><subject>Yttrium oxide</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkE1rwzAMhs3YYKXraX8gsNMY6fwVJz6GsnWFwmDdzsbxR3Fpk85KYP33c2kPrYSQkJ5XAiH0SPCUMYlfYSCcSEIl5jdoRHFJcoILfHtR36MJwAYnYyyhYoSKGsAB7FzbZ53PVrq12THmWw2QLVo7QB8PWWjTaLAhq6Nugn5Ad15vwU3OeYx-3t--Zx_58nO-mNXL3DAq-5xYq40vhWwIobzCVUk5M0JbLERZuZLjNHOCNNwaJzH13BTMeW0K10ie2DF6Ou3dx-53cNCrTTfENp1U9LiL0gLTRE1P1FpvnQqt7_qoTXLrdsF0rfMh9euSl6SopBBJ8HwlSEzv_vq1HgDUYvV1zb6cWBM7gOi82sew0_GgCFbHv6uLv7N_dsVxRA</recordid><startdate>20221001</startdate><enddate>20221001</enddate><creator>Mahmoud, Essam R. 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I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shaharoun, Awaluddin Mohamed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aljabri, Abdulrahman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Almohamadi, Hamad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farhan, Mohammed</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mahmoud, Essam R. 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subjects | Budgets Building materials industry Catalysts Ceramics Construction industry Consumption Crystal defects Crystallization Crystals Economic aspects Economic growth Economic research Fabrication Feasibility studies Geography Glass Glass ceramics Glass industry Infrastructure Manufacturing Microhardness Raw materials Sand Sand, gravel and stone industry Solar energy Sustainability Titanium carbide Whiskers (metals) Yttrium oxide |
title | Assessment of Sand and Glass Industry in Saudi Arabia |
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