Electromagnetic Effective-Degree-of-Freedom Limit of a MIMO System in 2-D Inhomogeneous Environment
Compared with a single-input-single-output (SISO) wireless communication system, the benefit of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology originates from its extra degree of freedom (DOF), also referred to as scattering channels or spatial electromagnetic (EM) modes, brought by spatial multip...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Electronics (Basel) 2022-10, Vol.11 (19), p.3232 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 19 |
| container_start_page | 3232 |
| container_title | Electronics (Basel) |
| container_volume | 11 |
| creator | Yuan, Shuai S. A. He, Zi Sun, Sheng Chen, Xiaoming Huang, Chongwen Sha, Wei E. I. |
| description | Compared with a single-input-single-output (SISO) wireless communication system, the benefit of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology originates from its extra degree of freedom (DOF), also referred to as scattering channels or spatial electromagnetic (EM) modes, brought by spatial multiplexing. When the physical sizes of transmitting and receiving arrays are fixed and there are sufficient antennas (typically with half-wavelength spacings), the DOF limit is only dependent on the propagating environment. Analytical methods can be used to estimate this limit in free space, and some approximate models are adopted in stochastic environments, such as Clarke’s model and Ray-tracing methods. However, this DOF limit in a certain inhomogeneous environment has not been well discussed with rigorous full-wave numerical methods. In this work, volume integral equation (VIE) is implemented for investigating the limit of MIMO effective degree of freedom (EDOF) in three representative two-dimensional (2-D) inhomogeneous environments. Moreover, we clarify the relation between the performance of a MIMO system and the scattering characteristics of its propagating environment. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/electronics11193232 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2724231898</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A745597682</galeid><sourcerecordid>A745597682</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-50b3e901f78e5b94288bce9746e02f88e088b7abc3e0f39f96790623f70145593</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNptUctOwzAQtBBIVNAv4GKJc4ofSWwfqz6gUqsegHOUuOvgqrGLnVbq3-MqHDiwe9jVaGZ2pUHoiZIJ54q8wAF0H7yzOlJKFWec3aARI0Jliil2-2e_R-MY9ySVolxyMkJ6Mai7unXQW40XxiTAniGbQxsAMm-yZZo73-G17WyPvcE13qw2W_x-iT102DrMsjleuS_f-RYc-FPEC3e26akOXP-I7kx9iDD-nQ_oc7n4mL1l6-3rajZdZ5qXtM8K0nBQhBohoWhUzqRsNCiRl0CYkRJIAkTdaA7EcGVUKRQpGTeC0LwoFH9Az4PvMfjvE8S-2vtTcOlkxQTLGadSycSaDKy2PkBlnfF9qHXqHXRWewfGJnwqrpailCwJ-CDQwccYwFTHYLs6XCpKqmsC1T8J8B_my3rb</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2724231898</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Electromagnetic Effective-Degree-of-Freedom Limit of a MIMO System in 2-D Inhomogeneous Environment</title><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><creator>Yuan, Shuai S. A. ; He, Zi ; Sun, Sheng ; Chen, Xiaoming ; Huang, Chongwen ; Sha, Wei E. I.</creator><creatorcontrib>Yuan, Shuai S. A. ; He, Zi ; Sun, Sheng ; Chen, Xiaoming ; Huang, Chongwen ; Sha, Wei E. I.</creatorcontrib><description>Compared with a single-input-single-output (SISO) wireless communication system, the benefit of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology originates from its extra degree of freedom (DOF), also referred to as scattering channels or spatial electromagnetic (EM) modes, brought by spatial multiplexing. When the physical sizes of transmitting and receiving arrays are fixed and there are sufficient antennas (typically with half-wavelength spacings), the DOF limit is only dependent on the propagating environment. Analytical methods can be used to estimate this limit in free space, and some approximate models are adopted in stochastic environments, such as Clarke’s model and Ray-tracing methods. However, this DOF limit in a certain inhomogeneous environment has not been well discussed with rigorous full-wave numerical methods. In this work, volume integral equation (VIE) is implemented for investigating the limit of MIMO effective degree of freedom (EDOF) in three representative two-dimensional (2-D) inhomogeneous environments. Moreover, we clarify the relation between the performance of a MIMO system and the scattering characteristics of its propagating environment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2079-9292</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2079-9292</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/electronics11193232</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Antennas ; Antennas (Electronics) ; Degrees of freedom ; Eigenvalues ; Electric fields ; Electromagnetism ; MIMO communication ; MIMO communications ; Multiplexing ; Numerical analysis ; Numerical methods ; Ray tracing ; Scattering ; Scattering (Physics) ; Volume integral equations ; Wave propagation ; Wireless communication systems ; Wireless communications</subject><ispartof>Electronics (Basel), 2022-10, Vol.11 (19), p.3232</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-50b3e901f78e5b94288bce9746e02f88e088b7abc3e0f39f96790623f70145593</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-50b3e901f78e5b94288bce9746e02f88e088b7abc3e0f39f96790623f70145593</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7431-8121 ; 0000-0003-3151-1690 ; 0000-0003-3284-3961</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yuan, Shuai S. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Zi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sun, Sheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Xiaoming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Chongwen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sha, Wei E. I.</creatorcontrib><title>Electromagnetic Effective-Degree-of-Freedom Limit of a MIMO System in 2-D Inhomogeneous Environment</title><title>Electronics (Basel)</title><description>Compared with a single-input-single-output (SISO) wireless communication system, the benefit of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology originates from its extra degree of freedom (DOF), also referred to as scattering channels or spatial electromagnetic (EM) modes, brought by spatial multiplexing. When the physical sizes of transmitting and receiving arrays are fixed and there are sufficient antennas (typically with half-wavelength spacings), the DOF limit is only dependent on the propagating environment. Analytical methods can be used to estimate this limit in free space, and some approximate models are adopted in stochastic environments, such as Clarke’s model and Ray-tracing methods. However, this DOF limit in a certain inhomogeneous environment has not been well discussed with rigorous full-wave numerical methods. In this work, volume integral equation (VIE) is implemented for investigating the limit of MIMO effective degree of freedom (EDOF) in three representative two-dimensional (2-D) inhomogeneous environments. Moreover, we clarify the relation between the performance of a MIMO system and the scattering characteristics of its propagating environment.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Antennas</subject><subject>Antennas (Electronics)</subject><subject>Degrees of freedom</subject><subject>Eigenvalues</subject><subject>Electric fields</subject><subject>Electromagnetism</subject><subject>MIMO communication</subject><subject>MIMO communications</subject><subject>Multiplexing</subject><subject>Numerical analysis</subject><subject>Numerical methods</subject><subject>Ray tracing</subject><subject>Scattering</subject><subject>Scattering (Physics)</subject><subject>Volume integral equations</subject><subject>Wave propagation</subject><subject>Wireless communication systems</subject><subject>Wireless communications</subject><issn>2079-9292</issn><issn>2079-9292</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNptUctOwzAQtBBIVNAv4GKJc4ofSWwfqz6gUqsegHOUuOvgqrGLnVbq3-MqHDiwe9jVaGZ2pUHoiZIJ54q8wAF0H7yzOlJKFWec3aARI0Jliil2-2e_R-MY9ySVolxyMkJ6Mai7unXQW40XxiTAniGbQxsAMm-yZZo73-G17WyPvcE13qw2W_x-iT102DrMsjleuS_f-RYc-FPEC3e26akOXP-I7kx9iDD-nQ_oc7n4mL1l6-3rajZdZ5qXtM8K0nBQhBohoWhUzqRsNCiRl0CYkRJIAkTdaA7EcGVUKRQpGTeC0LwoFH9Az4PvMfjvE8S-2vtTcOlkxQTLGadSycSaDKy2PkBlnfF9qHXqHXRWewfGJnwqrpailCwJ-CDQwccYwFTHYLs6XCpKqmsC1T8J8B_my3rb</recordid><startdate>20221001</startdate><enddate>20221001</enddate><creator>Yuan, Shuai S. A.</creator><creator>He, Zi</creator><creator>Sun, Sheng</creator><creator>Chen, Xiaoming</creator><creator>Huang, Chongwen</creator><creator>Sha, Wei E. I.</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7431-8121</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-1690</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-3961</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20221001</creationdate><title>Electromagnetic Effective-Degree-of-Freedom Limit of a MIMO System in 2-D Inhomogeneous Environment</title><author>Yuan, Shuai S. A. ; He, Zi ; Sun, Sheng ; Chen, Xiaoming ; Huang, Chongwen ; Sha, Wei E. I.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-50b3e901f78e5b94288bce9746e02f88e088b7abc3e0f39f96790623f70145593</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Antennas</topic><topic>Antennas (Electronics)</topic><topic>Degrees of freedom</topic><topic>Eigenvalues</topic><topic>Electric fields</topic><topic>Electromagnetism</topic><topic>MIMO communication</topic><topic>MIMO communications</topic><topic>Multiplexing</topic><topic>Numerical analysis</topic><topic>Numerical methods</topic><topic>Ray tracing</topic><topic>Scattering</topic><topic>Scattering (Physics)</topic><topic>Volume integral equations</topic><topic>Wave propagation</topic><topic>Wireless communication systems</topic><topic>Wireless communications</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Yuan, Shuai S. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Zi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sun, Sheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Xiaoming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Chongwen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sha, Wei E. I.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Electronics (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yuan, Shuai S. A.</au><au>He, Zi</au><au>Sun, Sheng</au><au>Chen, Xiaoming</au><au>Huang, Chongwen</au><au>Sha, Wei E. I.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Electromagnetic Effective-Degree-of-Freedom Limit of a MIMO System in 2-D Inhomogeneous Environment</atitle><jtitle>Electronics (Basel)</jtitle><date>2022-10-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>19</issue><spage>3232</spage><pages>3232-</pages><issn>2079-9292</issn><eissn>2079-9292</eissn><abstract>Compared with a single-input-single-output (SISO) wireless communication system, the benefit of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology originates from its extra degree of freedom (DOF), also referred to as scattering channels or spatial electromagnetic (EM) modes, brought by spatial multiplexing. When the physical sizes of transmitting and receiving arrays are fixed and there are sufficient antennas (typically with half-wavelength spacings), the DOF limit is only dependent on the propagating environment. Analytical methods can be used to estimate this limit in free space, and some approximate models are adopted in stochastic environments, such as Clarke’s model and Ray-tracing methods. However, this DOF limit in a certain inhomogeneous environment has not been well discussed with rigorous full-wave numerical methods. In this work, volume integral equation (VIE) is implemented for investigating the limit of MIMO effective degree of freedom (EDOF) in three representative two-dimensional (2-D) inhomogeneous environments. Moreover, we clarify the relation between the performance of a MIMO system and the scattering characteristics of its propagating environment.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/electronics11193232</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7431-8121</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-1690</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-3961</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 2079-9292 |
| ispartof | Electronics (Basel), 2022-10, Vol.11 (19), p.3232 |
| issn | 2079-9292 2079-9292 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2724231898 |
| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Analysis Antennas Antennas (Electronics) Degrees of freedom Eigenvalues Electric fields Electromagnetism MIMO communication MIMO communications Multiplexing Numerical analysis Numerical methods Ray tracing Scattering Scattering (Physics) Volume integral equations Wave propagation Wireless communication systems Wireless communications |
| title | Electromagnetic Effective-Degree-of-Freedom Limit of a MIMO System in 2-D Inhomogeneous Environment |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-21T12%3A05%3A54IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electromagnetic%20Effective-Degree-of-Freedom%20Limit%20of%20a%20MIMO%20System%20in%202-D%20Inhomogeneous%20Environment&rft.jtitle=Electronics%20(Basel)&rft.au=Yuan,%20Shuai%20S.%20A.&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=19&rft.spage=3232&rft.pages=3232-&rft.issn=2079-9292&rft.eissn=2079-9292&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/electronics11193232&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA745597682%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2724231898&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_galeid=A745597682&rfr_iscdi=true |