Profile, Sources, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of PAHs in Agricultural Soil in a Pljevlja Municipality
The concentrations, profile, source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil samples ( n = 35) in Pljevlja municipality (Montenegro), potential ecological and health risk were evaluated in this study. This area is an important industrial and agrarian region in the northern ar...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International Journal of Environmental Research 2022-10, Vol.16 (5), Article 90 |
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| creator | Bigovic, Miljan Durovic, Dijana Nikolic, Irena Ivanovic, Ljubica Bajic, Borko |
| description | The concentrations, profile, source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil samples (
n
= 35) in Pljevlja municipality (Montenegro), potential ecological and health risk were evaluated in this study. This area is an important industrial and agrarian region in the northern area of Montenegro and thus providing an insight regarding the content of PAHs in agricultural soil in this area is of great importance from the standpoint of the safety of agricultural products grown on this land and the health of inhabitants which may be exposed to the potentially contaminated agricultural soil. Mean concentrations of ΣPAHs and Σ7
carc
PAHs in soil were calculated to be 271.49 μg⋅kg
−1
and 99.73 μg⋅kg
−
, respectively. Based on the mean concentrations of ΣPAHs, soil was classified as uncontaminated according to Montenegrin legislation. PAHs diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated coal/wood combustion and traffic emissions as the main PAHs sources in soil. Ecological risk of the ΣPAHs based on the risk quotient (RQ) was characterised as low. Three-ring PAHs present the highest risk with a significant 77.35% ecological risk. The carcinogenic potential of PAHs based on the Benzo(a)pyrene potency equivalent (BaP
eq
) was calculated to be 21.7 μg/kg
−1
and carcinogenic PAHs were major contributors. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (39.22%) and benzo[a]pyrene (25.16%) highly contributes to total BaP
eq
. Health risk accessed through the total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of exposure to PAHs from Pljevlja agricultural soil for children and adults was 1.16⋅10
–5
and 1.59⋅10
–5
, respectively. It is characterised as a low health risk, and the main risk contributor were found to be dermal contact followed by ingestion while the inhalation route was insignificant.
Graphical abstract |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s41742-022-00472-z |
| format | Article |
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n
= 35) in Pljevlja municipality (Montenegro), potential ecological and health risk were evaluated in this study. This area is an important industrial and agrarian region in the northern area of Montenegro and thus providing an insight regarding the content of PAHs in agricultural soil in this area is of great importance from the standpoint of the safety of agricultural products grown on this land and the health of inhabitants which may be exposed to the potentially contaminated agricultural soil. Mean concentrations of ΣPAHs and Σ7
carc
PAHs in soil were calculated to be 271.49 μg⋅kg
−1
and 99.73 μg⋅kg
−
, respectively. Based on the mean concentrations of ΣPAHs, soil was classified as uncontaminated according to Montenegrin legislation. PAHs diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated coal/wood combustion and traffic emissions as the main PAHs sources in soil. Ecological risk of the ΣPAHs based on the risk quotient (RQ) was characterised as low. Three-ring PAHs present the highest risk with a significant 77.35% ecological risk. The carcinogenic potential of PAHs based on the Benzo(a)pyrene potency equivalent (BaP
eq
) was calculated to be 21.7 μg/kg
−1
and carcinogenic PAHs were major contributors. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (39.22%) and benzo[a]pyrene (25.16%) highly contributes to total BaP
eq
. Health risk accessed through the total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of exposure to PAHs from Pljevlja agricultural soil for children and adults was 1.16⋅10
–5
and 1.59⋅10
–5
, respectively. It is characterised as a low health risk, and the main risk contributor were found to be dermal contact followed by ingestion while the inhalation route was insignificant.
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n
= 35) in Pljevlja municipality (Montenegro), potential ecological and health risk were evaluated in this study. This area is an important industrial and agrarian region in the northern area of Montenegro and thus providing an insight regarding the content of PAHs in agricultural soil in this area is of great importance from the standpoint of the safety of agricultural products grown on this land and the health of inhabitants which may be exposed to the potentially contaminated agricultural soil. Mean concentrations of ΣPAHs and Σ7
carc
PAHs in soil were calculated to be 271.49 μg⋅kg
−1
and 99.73 μg⋅kg
−
, respectively. Based on the mean concentrations of ΣPAHs, soil was classified as uncontaminated according to Montenegrin legislation. PAHs diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated coal/wood combustion and traffic emissions as the main PAHs sources in soil. Ecological risk of the ΣPAHs based on the risk quotient (RQ) was characterised as low. Three-ring PAHs present the highest risk with a significant 77.35% ecological risk. The carcinogenic potential of PAHs based on the Benzo(a)pyrene potency equivalent (BaP
eq
) was calculated to be 21.7 μg/kg
−1
and carcinogenic PAHs were major contributors. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (39.22%) and benzo[a]pyrene (25.16%) highly contributes to total BaP
eq
. Health risk accessed through the total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of exposure to PAHs from Pljevlja agricultural soil for children and adults was 1.16⋅10
–5
and 1.59⋅10
–5
, respectively. It is characterised as a low health risk, and the main risk contributor were found to be dermal contact followed by ingestion while the inhalation route was insignificant.
Graphical abstract</description><subject>Agricultural industry</subject><subject>Agricultural land</subject><subject>Agricultural pollution</subject><subject>Agricultural products</subject><subject>Anthracene</subject><subject>Benzo(a)pyrene</subject><subject>Benzopyrene</subject><subject>Carcinogens</subject><subject>Combustion</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecological risk assessment</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</subject><subject>Environmental Management</subject><subject>Environmental risk</subject><subject>Geoecology/Natural Processes</subject><subject>Health</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Ingestion</subject><subject>Inhalation</subject><subject>Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning</subject><subject>Legislation</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Natural Hazards</subject><subject>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Principal components analysis</subject><subject>Product safety</subject><subject>Pyrene</subject><subject>Research Paper</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Safety and security measures</subject><subject>Sediment pollution</subject><subject>Soil classification</subject><subject>Soil contamination</subject><subject>Soil pollution</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Vehicle emissions</subject><issn>1735-6865</issn><issn>2008-2304</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kV1LwzAUhoMoOHR_wKuAt1bz1aS9LKJOUBxOr0OWpDMza2bSCvPXm1nBO08IB8L7nI-8AJxhdIkREleJYcFIgUi-iAlSfB2ACUGoKghF7BBMsKBlwSteHoNpSmuUg9Y1Z3wCwjyG1nl7ARdhiNqmC3ijgw8rp5WHqjNwZpXv3-CzS--wScmmtLFdD0ML580sQdfBZhWdHnw_xIwsgvP7RwXnfm0__VrBx6Fz2m2Vd_3uFBy1yic7_c0n4PX25uV6Vjw83d1fNw-Fppj3hdJ4aRCpTUsrqkRLSiNq0Val4TUrkUVLXlFqa0y4MsJgSxmtkMHLkuQwJT0B52PdbQwfg029XOf9utxSEoE5wZwxnFWXo2qlvJWua0Mflc7H2I3TobP7r5GNILiueCVoBsgI6BhSiraV2-g2Ku4kRnJvhhzNkNkM-WOG_MoQHaGUxd3Kxr9Z_qG-AWCTi74</recordid><startdate>20221001</startdate><enddate>20221001</enddate><creator>Bigovic, Miljan</creator><creator>Durovic, Dijana</creator><creator>Nikolic, Irena</creator><creator>Ivanovic, Ljubica</creator><creator>Bajic, Borko</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IAO</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6781-3485</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20221001</creationdate><title>Profile, Sources, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of PAHs in Agricultural Soil in a Pljevlja Municipality</title><author>Bigovic, Miljan ; Durovic, Dijana ; Nikolic, Irena ; Ivanovic, Ljubica ; Bajic, Borko</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c316t-ac1bd029df383a7f25d797f85d69450e0b6833e9126ad7d1e34380d1b52222d53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Agricultural industry</topic><topic>Agricultural land</topic><topic>Agricultural pollution</topic><topic>Agricultural products</topic><topic>Anthracene</topic><topic>Benzo(a)pyrene</topic><topic>Benzopyrene</topic><topic>Carcinogens</topic><topic>Combustion</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecological risk assessment</topic><topic>Emissions</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</topic><topic>Environmental Management</topic><topic>Environmental risk</topic><topic>Geoecology/Natural Processes</topic><topic>Health</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Ingestion</topic><topic>Inhalation</topic><topic>Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning</topic><topic>Legislation</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Natural Hazards</topic><topic>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</topic><topic>Principal components analysis</topic><topic>Product safety</topic><topic>Pyrene</topic><topic>Research Paper</topic><topic>Respiration</topic><topic>Risk assessment</topic><topic>Safety and security measures</topic><topic>Sediment pollution</topic><topic>Soil classification</topic><topic>Soil contamination</topic><topic>Soil pollution</topic><topic>Soils</topic><topic>Vehicle emissions</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Bigovic, Miljan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Durovic, Dijana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nikolic, Irena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ivanovic, Ljubica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bajic, Borko</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale Academic OneFile</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>International Journal of Environmental Research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Bigovic, Miljan</au><au>Durovic, Dijana</au><au>Nikolic, Irena</au><au>Ivanovic, Ljubica</au><au>Bajic, Borko</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Profile, Sources, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of PAHs in Agricultural Soil in a Pljevlja Municipality</atitle><jtitle>International Journal of Environmental Research</jtitle><stitle>Int J Environ Res</stitle><date>2022-10-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>5</issue><artnum>90</artnum><issn>1735-6865</issn><eissn>2008-2304</eissn><abstract>The concentrations, profile, source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil samples (
n
= 35) in Pljevlja municipality (Montenegro), potential ecological and health risk were evaluated in this study. This area is an important industrial and agrarian region in the northern area of Montenegro and thus providing an insight regarding the content of PAHs in agricultural soil in this area is of great importance from the standpoint of the safety of agricultural products grown on this land and the health of inhabitants which may be exposed to the potentially contaminated agricultural soil. Mean concentrations of ΣPAHs and Σ7
carc
PAHs in soil were calculated to be 271.49 μg⋅kg
−1
and 99.73 μg⋅kg
−
, respectively. Based on the mean concentrations of ΣPAHs, soil was classified as uncontaminated according to Montenegrin legislation. PAHs diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated coal/wood combustion and traffic emissions as the main PAHs sources in soil. Ecological risk of the ΣPAHs based on the risk quotient (RQ) was characterised as low. Three-ring PAHs present the highest risk with a significant 77.35% ecological risk. The carcinogenic potential of PAHs based on the Benzo(a)pyrene potency equivalent (BaP
eq
) was calculated to be 21.7 μg/kg
−1
and carcinogenic PAHs were major contributors. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (39.22%) and benzo[a]pyrene (25.16%) highly contributes to total BaP
eq
. Health risk accessed through the total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of exposure to PAHs from Pljevlja agricultural soil for children and adults was 1.16⋅10
–5
and 1.59⋅10
–5
, respectively. It is characterised as a low health risk, and the main risk contributor were found to be dermal contact followed by ingestion while the inhalation route was insignificant.
Graphical abstract</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s41742-022-00472-z</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6781-3485</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | International Journal of Environmental Research, 2022-10, Vol.16 (5), Article 90 |
| issn | 1735-6865 2008-2304 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Bioline International; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Agricultural industry Agricultural land Agricultural pollution Agricultural products Anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzopyrene Carcinogens Combustion Earth and Environmental Science Ecological risk assessment Emissions Environment Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Environmental Management Environmental risk Geoecology/Natural Processes Health Health aspects Health risk assessment Health risks Ingestion Inhalation Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning Legislation Mathematical analysis Natural Hazards Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Principal components analysis Product safety Pyrene Research Paper Respiration Risk assessment Safety and security measures Sediment pollution Soil classification Soil contamination Soil pollution Soils Vehicle emissions |
| title | Profile, Sources, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of PAHs in Agricultural Soil in a Pljevlja Municipality |
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