An evaluation of drinking water quality in five wells in Sebha city, Libya, using a water quality index and multivariate analysis
Sebha city is situated on Southwest Libya’s north edge of the Murzuk basin. Groundwater is the sole source of drinking water. Therefore, assessing its quality for drinking is an essential step. This study was conducted in 2019 to investigate the water quality of different locations in the city. Coll...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Arabian journal of geosciences 2022, Vol.15 (18), Article 1519 |
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| creator | Salem, Mansour Awiedat Sharif, Omar Ahmed Alshofeir, Abdullah Ali Assad, Mamdouh El Haj |
| description | Sebha city is situated on Southwest Libya’s north edge of the Murzuk basin. Groundwater is the sole source of drinking water. Therefore, assessing its quality for drinking is an essential step. This study was conducted in 2019 to investigate the water quality of different locations in the city. Collected water samples were analyzed for major cations and anions as well as the physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH) using conventional standard methods. Water suitability for drinking is based on EC, TDS, and the water quality index (WQI). The abundance of the major ions was as follows: CI
−
> K
+
> SO
4
−−
> Na
+
> Ca
++
> NO
3
−
> Mg
++
> HCO
3
−
, their concentrations were higher than the permissible limits of WHO and Libyan Standards, except in the wells of Alnaserya and Hejara. The TDS levels varied from 1400 to 3704 mg/L, suggesting that the water is mildly salty. The EC ranged from 2188 to 5632 μS/cm, indicating that the water is slight to moderately mineralized. According to the WQI, the water in Hejara and Alnaserya is of good quality, whereas in Sahba, Abedalkafi, and Aljaded, it is of poor quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited three major components of the factor analysis that accounted for 98.079% of the total variance. The key factors impacting groundwater quality are natural mineral dissolution, weathering of the carbonate system, and anthropogenic activities. Therefore, we deduce that water quality varies across Sebha city’s wells. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s12517-022-10812-0 |
| format | Article |
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−
> K
+
> SO
4
−−
> Na
+
> Ca
++
> NO
3
−
> Mg
++
> HCO
3
−
, their concentrations were higher than the permissible limits of WHO and Libyan Standards, except in the wells of Alnaserya and Hejara. The TDS levels varied from 1400 to 3704 mg/L, suggesting that the water is mildly salty. The EC ranged from 2188 to 5632 μS/cm, indicating that the water is slight to moderately mineralized. According to the WQI, the water in Hejara and Alnaserya is of good quality, whereas in Sahba, Abedalkafi, and Aljaded, it is of poor quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited three major components of the factor analysis that accounted for 98.079% of the total variance. The key factors impacting groundwater quality are natural mineral dissolution, weathering of the carbonate system, and anthropogenic activities. Therefore, we deduce that water quality varies across Sebha city’s wells.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1866-7511</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1866-7538</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12517-022-10812-0</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Anions ; Anthropogenic factors ; Calcium ; Carbonates ; Cations ; Dissolved solids ; Drinking water ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth science ; Earth Sciences ; Electrical conductivity ; Electrical resistivity ; Factor analysis ; Groundwater ; Groundwater quality ; Multivariate analysis ; Original Paper ; Physicochemical processes ; Physicochemical properties ; Principal components analysis ; Quality assessment ; Sulphates ; Total dissolved solids ; Water analysis ; Water hardness ; Water quality ; Water sampling ; Wells</subject><ispartof>Arabian journal of geosciences, 2022, Vol.15 (18), Article 1519</ispartof><rights>Saudi Society for Geosciences 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1640-3d37c9cc87c45d17e2b46e25318d64216c810ca5820adb9daa3c639fd43fb58f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1640-3d37c9cc87c45d17e2b46e25318d64216c810ca5820adb9daa3c639fd43fb58f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12517-022-10812-0$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12517-022-10812-0$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Salem, Mansour Awiedat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharif, Omar Ahmed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alshofeir, Abdullah Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Assad, Mamdouh El Haj</creatorcontrib><title>An evaluation of drinking water quality in five wells in Sebha city, Libya, using a water quality index and multivariate analysis</title><title>Arabian journal of geosciences</title><addtitle>Arab J Geosci</addtitle><description>Sebha city is situated on Southwest Libya’s north edge of the Murzuk basin. Groundwater is the sole source of drinking water. Therefore, assessing its quality for drinking is an essential step. This study was conducted in 2019 to investigate the water quality of different locations in the city. Collected water samples were analyzed for major cations and anions as well as the physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH) using conventional standard methods. Water suitability for drinking is based on EC, TDS, and the water quality index (WQI). The abundance of the major ions was as follows: CI
−
> K
+
> SO
4
−−
> Na
+
> Ca
++
> NO
3
−
> Mg
++
> HCO
3
−
, their concentrations were higher than the permissible limits of WHO and Libyan Standards, except in the wells of Alnaserya and Hejara. The TDS levels varied from 1400 to 3704 mg/L, suggesting that the water is mildly salty. The EC ranged from 2188 to 5632 μS/cm, indicating that the water is slight to moderately mineralized. According to the WQI, the water in Hejara and Alnaserya is of good quality, whereas in Sahba, Abedalkafi, and Aljaded, it is of poor quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited three major components of the factor analysis that accounted for 98.079% of the total variance. The key factors impacting groundwater quality are natural mineral dissolution, weathering of the carbonate system, and anthropogenic activities. Therefore, we deduce that water quality varies across Sebha city’s wells.</description><subject>Anions</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Carbonates</subject><subject>Cations</subject><subject>Dissolved solids</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Electrical conductivity</subject><subject>Electrical resistivity</subject><subject>Factor analysis</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater quality</subject><subject>Multivariate analysis</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Physicochemical processes</subject><subject>Physicochemical properties</subject><subject>Principal components analysis</subject><subject>Quality assessment</subject><subject>Sulphates</subject><subject>Total dissolved solids</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water hardness</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Wells</subject><issn>1866-7511</issn><issn>1866-7538</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kDtPwzAUhS0EEqXwB5gssTZwbSexM1YVL6kSAzBbju0UlzRp7aSQkX-OSxEMSEz3db6jq4PQOYFLAsCvAqEZ4QlQmhAQhCZwgEZE5HnCMyYOf3pCjtFJCEuAXAAXI_QxbbDdqrpXnWsb3FbYeNe8umaB31RnPd70qnbdgF2DK7e1-M3WddhNj7Z8UVjH2wTPXTmoCe7DjlN_SGPfsWoMXvV157bKu3iPC1UPwYVTdFSpOtiz7zpGzzfXT7O7ZP5wez-bzhNN8hQSZhjXhdaC6zQzhFtaprmlGSPC5CkluRYEtMoEBWXKwijFdM6KyqSsKjNRsTG62Puufbvpbejksu19fCJIykkKBYeiiCq6V2nfhuBtJdferZQfJAG5i1ruo5YxavkVtYQIsT0UorhZWP9r_Q_1Cf3Hgp4</recordid><startdate>2022</startdate><enddate>2022</enddate><creator>Salem, Mansour Awiedat</creator><creator>Sharif, Omar Ahmed</creator><creator>Alshofeir, Abdullah Ali</creator><creator>Assad, Mamdouh El Haj</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>L.G</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2022</creationdate><title>An evaluation of drinking water quality in five wells in Sebha city, Libya, using a water quality index and multivariate analysis</title><author>Salem, Mansour Awiedat ; Sharif, Omar Ahmed ; Alshofeir, Abdullah Ali ; Assad, Mamdouh El Haj</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1640-3d37c9cc87c45d17e2b46e25318d64216c810ca5820adb9daa3c639fd43fb58f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Anions</topic><topic>Anthropogenic factors</topic><topic>Calcium</topic><topic>Carbonates</topic><topic>Cations</topic><topic>Dissolved solids</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Earth science</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Electrical conductivity</topic><topic>Electrical resistivity</topic><topic>Factor analysis</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Groundwater quality</topic><topic>Multivariate analysis</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Physicochemical processes</topic><topic>Physicochemical properties</topic><topic>Principal components analysis</topic><topic>Quality assessment</topic><topic>Sulphates</topic><topic>Total dissolved solids</topic><topic>Water analysis</topic><topic>Water hardness</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water sampling</topic><topic>Wells</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Salem, Mansour Awiedat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharif, Omar Ahmed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alshofeir, Abdullah Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Assad, Mamdouh El Haj</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Arabian journal of geosciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Salem, Mansour Awiedat</au><au>Sharif, Omar Ahmed</au><au>Alshofeir, Abdullah Ali</au><au>Assad, Mamdouh El Haj</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>An evaluation of drinking water quality in five wells in Sebha city, Libya, using a water quality index and multivariate analysis</atitle><jtitle>Arabian journal of geosciences</jtitle><stitle>Arab J Geosci</stitle><date>2022</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>18</issue><artnum>1519</artnum><issn>1866-7511</issn><eissn>1866-7538</eissn><abstract>Sebha city is situated on Southwest Libya’s north edge of the Murzuk basin. Groundwater is the sole source of drinking water. Therefore, assessing its quality for drinking is an essential step. This study was conducted in 2019 to investigate the water quality of different locations in the city. Collected water samples were analyzed for major cations and anions as well as the physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH) using conventional standard methods. Water suitability for drinking is based on EC, TDS, and the water quality index (WQI). The abundance of the major ions was as follows: CI
−
> K
+
> SO
4
−−
> Na
+
> Ca
++
> NO
3
−
> Mg
++
> HCO
3
−
, their concentrations were higher than the permissible limits of WHO and Libyan Standards, except in the wells of Alnaserya and Hejara. The TDS levels varied from 1400 to 3704 mg/L, suggesting that the water is mildly salty. The EC ranged from 2188 to 5632 μS/cm, indicating that the water is slight to moderately mineralized. According to the WQI, the water in Hejara and Alnaserya is of good quality, whereas in Sahba, Abedalkafi, and Aljaded, it is of poor quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited three major components of the factor analysis that accounted for 98.079% of the total variance. The key factors impacting groundwater quality are natural mineral dissolution, weathering of the carbonate system, and anthropogenic activities. Therefore, we deduce that water quality varies across Sebha city’s wells.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s12517-022-10812-0</doi></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Anions Anthropogenic factors Calcium Carbonates Cations Dissolved solids Drinking water Earth and Environmental Science Earth science Earth Sciences Electrical conductivity Electrical resistivity Factor analysis Groundwater Groundwater quality Multivariate analysis Original Paper Physicochemical processes Physicochemical properties Principal components analysis Quality assessment Sulphates Total dissolved solids Water analysis Water hardness Water quality Water sampling Wells |
| title | An evaluation of drinking water quality in five wells in Sebha city, Libya, using a water quality index and multivariate analysis |
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