Exploring the Biochemical Methane Potential of Wholesale Market Waste from Jordan and Tunisia for a Future Scale-Up of Anaerobic Digestion in Amman and Sfax

Local open markets, trading fruits and vegetables, are widespread in Mediterranean countries, such as Tunisia and Jordan, producing large amounts of organic waste. Applying an anaerobic digestion process on this substrate makes it crucial to evaluate the waste mixture composition and seasonal variability properly. In this study, after defining an average composition of the fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) mixture produced in Sfax (Tunisia) and Amman (Jordan) in three seasonal intervals (autumn–winter, spring, and summer), the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of an artificially created FVW mixture was individually determined by three European institutions located in Spain, Italy, and Greece. The average BMP from all three seasons and laboratories was 286 ± 52 NmL CH 4 g COD added −1 , close to the theoretical maximum yield of 350 NmL CH 4 g COD added −1 , indicating a high biodegradability of the waste. Τhe biochemical methane yields of the spring mixtures were not statistically different across the three labs. The most significant differences among the BMP results were obtained for the autumn/winter and the summer mixtures used in Spain, likely due to the variety or ripeness of fruits and vegetables collected in the local markets. In the other two labs in Italy and Greece, no statistical difference was observed for the BMPs of the three season mixtures within the same lab. Therefore, not a critical difference in the biodegradability of such FVW is expected along the different seasons, indicating that the operation of a full-scale digester over a whole year would constantly benefit from the supplementation of a high biochemical methane potential feedstock. Graphical Abstract