A 10-Year Climatology of Midlevel Mesoscale Vortices in China

The mesoscale vortex (MV) is an important rain-producing system. In this study, the reanalysis data and satellite precipitation products are used to classify MVs into three categories: mesoscale convective vortex (MCV), mesoscale stratiform vortex (MSV), and mesoscale dry vortex (MDV). Then, these three categories of midlevel MVs in China from 2007 to 2016 are investigated. A total of 21 053 MVs are obtained. Most MVs form in the northwest of parent convection, and 45% of MVs generate secondary convection. The Tibetan Plateau is the main MV source region. Steered by the westerlies, MVs mainly move eastward. MCV is active in summer, MDV in winter, and MSV in spring and autumn. MCV diurnal variations are closely related to local topography, and MDVs mainly form around midnight. Composite analyses show that MCVs form near the high-value center of convective available potential energy at the development stage of parent convection. The composite MCV forms near the low pressure trough and the thermal ridge at 500 hPa, and a low-level jet exists to the south of the MCV center. At the initiation and maturity stages of MCV, strong convergence and divergence respectively exist at low levels and 400 hPa. The vortex circulation mainly locates near 500 hPa. Above the vortex is a warm core associated with the latent heat release, and below is a cold anomaly related to the cold pool. In the downshear region, there is strong low-level convergence and ascending motion, higher humidity, and greater latent heat release, which favor the formation of secondary convection.