Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias

We use a series of historical natural experiments in association football to test whether social pressure from a home stadium crowd affected behavior and outcomes. The standout effect of an empty stadium was that referees cautioned visiting players less often, by over a third of a yellow card per ma...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Economic inquiry 2022-07, Vol.60 (3), p.1416-1436
Hauptverfasser:	Reade, J. James, Schreyer, Dominik, Singleton, Carl
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	attendance coronavirus Crowds Football home advantage natural experiments referee bias Referees Social pressure Stadiums Teams
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
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