Status of Pesticide Usage on Golf Courses in Korea and Optimal Pesticide Usage Plan
Risks to human health and the environment owing to pesticide usage have arisen interest, increasing the demand for reducing pesticide consumption used on golf courses. However, standard guidelines or manuals for reducing pesticide usage on golf courses in Korea are lacking. Herein, the trends of pes...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Sustainability 2022-05, Vol.14 (9), p.5489 |
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| creator | Lee, Hong-gil Kim, Min-Suk Kim, Jee young Kim, Hyun-Koo Jo, Hyeong-Wook Moon, Joon-Kwan Kim, Ji-In |
| description | Risks to human health and the environment owing to pesticide usage have arisen interest, increasing the demand for reducing pesticide consumption used on golf courses. However, standard guidelines or manuals for reducing pesticide usage on golf courses in Korea are lacking. Herein, the trends of pesticides on golf courses were investigated, and the optimal pesticide usage plan was proposed for continuous pesticide reduction. In 2019, there were 539 golf courses in Korea. With the increasing number of golf courses in 2010–2019, pesticide usage increased continuously. Fungicides accounted for more than half the pesticides used, followed by insecticides and herbicides. Except for golf courses that do not employ chemical pesticides, pesticide usage per unit area varied in the range of 0.02–65.81 kg ha−1 (average of 6.97 kg ha−1). In the US, best management practices and integrated pest management (IPM) have been stipulated and are operational in each state for pesticide management in golf courses, recognizing chemical pesticide usage to be the last approach for pest control and turf health maintenance. Considering that Korea globally ranks 10th in the number of golf facilities and courses, the establishment of IPM practices suitable for domestic conditions is essential. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/su14095489 |
| format | Article |
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However, standard guidelines or manuals for reducing pesticide usage on golf courses in Korea are lacking. Herein, the trends of pesticides on golf courses were investigated, and the optimal pesticide usage plan was proposed for continuous pesticide reduction. In 2019, there were 539 golf courses in Korea. With the increasing number of golf courses in 2010–2019, pesticide usage increased continuously. Fungicides accounted for more than half the pesticides used, followed by insecticides and herbicides. Except for golf courses that do not employ chemical pesticides, pesticide usage per unit area varied in the range of 0.02–65.81 kg ha−1 (average of 6.97 kg ha−1). In the US, best management practices and integrated pest management (IPM) have been stipulated and are operational in each state for pesticide management in golf courses, recognizing chemical pesticide usage to be the last approach for pest control and turf health maintenance. Considering that Korea globally ranks 10th in the number of golf facilities and courses, the establishment of IPM practices suitable for domestic conditions is essential.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su14095489</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Agricultural practices ; Best management practices ; Certification ; Chemical pest control ; COVID-19 ; Fungicides ; Golf courses ; Health risks ; Herbicides ; Information systems ; Insecticides ; Integrated pest management ; Pest control ; Pesticides ; Pests ; Sports facilities ; Sustainability ; Taxation ; Trees ; Turf ; Turfgrasses ; Water quality</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2022-05, Vol.14 (9), p.5489</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 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| source | Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| subjects | Agricultural practices Best management practices Certification Chemical pest control COVID-19 Fungicides Golf courses Health risks Herbicides Information systems Insecticides Integrated pest management Pest control Pesticides Pests Sports facilities Sustainability Taxation Trees Turf Turfgrasses Water quality |
| title | Status of Pesticide Usage on Golf Courses in Korea and Optimal Pesticide Usage Plan |
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