Evaluation of groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal alluvial aquifer using multivariate statistics and entropy water quality index approach: a case study from West Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh (India)
The present study investigates the groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal aquifer in the West Godavari delta region based on geochemical evaluation, integrated multivariate statistical analysis and entropy water quality index (EWQI). The study area is underlain by the...
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| description | The present study investigates the groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal aquifer in the West Godavari delta region based on geochemical evaluation, integrated multivariate statistical analysis and entropy water quality index (EWQI). The study area is underlain by the Quaternary sediments with unconsolidated to semi consolidated sand, silt and clay formation. In the study, the significant hydrochemical facies of groundwater observed were Na-Mg-Cl-HCO
3
−
, Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
and Mg-Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
. The results revealed that the area occupies high salinity groundwater controlled mainly by evaporation and also by rock weathering-solubilization to some extent. The concentrations of major cations and anions decreased in the order: Na
+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
> Ca
2+
= Cl
−
> HCO
3
−
> SO
4
2−
> NO
3
−
. The chemical constituents of the samples TA (85%), TDS (100%), TH (83%), Mg
2+
(91%), Cl
−
(81%) and SO
4
2
(12%) exceeded the limits, making them unfit for drinking. Based on EWQI (53.3–143.4), nearly 70% of groundwater samples were of poor to very poor quality for drinking, which required treatment, and the remaining 30% of samples were unsuitable for domestic purposes. Some samples of the irrigation suitability parameters (Na%, SAR, RSC, PI, CAI, KR and CCR) exhibit moderate to good categories, which can be used for irrigation with proper management. The multivariate statistical analysis was performed to understand the relationships among the chemical constituents present in groundwater. TDS is highly correlated with EC, TH, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
and Cl
−
. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the datasets showed that the first three PCs accounted for 65% of total variance cumulatively 94.5% for a total of 7 PCs. The PCA results indicate that the variation of groundwater quality is possibly attributed to various anthropogenic and geogenic factors, rock–water interactions and ion exchange processes in groundwater. The uncontrolled drawl of subsurface waters and aqua forming at an advanced rate when compared with recharge has led to this coastal aquifer being in a critical stage. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s12665-022-10387-9 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2659404217</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2659404217</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-a342t-3e2e3645e8db7356769ebe67469ec23d6c079133983a3b145d11bb61f07a7e523</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc1u1EAQhC1EJKKQF-DUEheQMMyPPba5RSGESJHCAcRx1PaMdyfyznjnZ2FfmadgHCNQLulL96Hq65KqKF5R8p4S0nwIlAlRl4SxkhLeNmX3rDilrRClYF33_N_dkhfFeQj3JA-nvCPitPh9dcApYTTOghth412y6idG7WGfcDLxCKPzoNxOh2gGQKvAeG82q2VOfnZBBzAWEAaHIeIEOE3pYJZjn8yYUSkYu4FdmqI5oDcZD1kYzYIMD0xto3fzER6_NlbpX4Dz7B0O24_LCwyLN6mcy7sd_Mix4NopXLjwSU8R38GFVVuP8NWj0mELb26sMvj2ZXEy4hT0-d99Vnz_fPXt8kt5e3d9c3lxWyKvWCy5ZpqLqtat6htei0Z0uteiqfIeGFdiIE1HOe9ajrynVa0o7XtBR9Jgo2vGz4rXKzen3qecT9675G1-KZmou4pUjDZZxVbV4F0IXo9y9maH_igpkUutcq1V5lrlQ62yyya-mkIW2432_9FPuP4AdPCq2g</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2659404217</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Evaluation of groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal alluvial aquifer using multivariate statistics and entropy water quality index approach: a case study from West Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh (India)</title><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><creator>Latha, P. Swarna</creator><creatorcontrib>Latha, P. Swarna</creatorcontrib><description>The present study investigates the groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal aquifer in the West Godavari delta region based on geochemical evaluation, integrated multivariate statistical analysis and entropy water quality index (EWQI). The study area is underlain by the Quaternary sediments with unconsolidated to semi consolidated sand, silt and clay formation. In the study, the significant hydrochemical facies of groundwater observed were Na-Mg-Cl-HCO
3
−
, Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
and Mg-Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
. The results revealed that the area occupies high salinity groundwater controlled mainly by evaporation and also by rock weathering-solubilization to some extent. The concentrations of major cations and anions decreased in the order: Na
+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
> Ca
2+
= Cl
−
> HCO
3
−
> SO
4
2−
> NO
3
−
. The chemical constituents of the samples TA (85%), TDS (100%), TH (83%), Mg
2+
(91%), Cl
−
(81%) and SO
4
2
(12%) exceeded the limits, making them unfit for drinking. Based on EWQI (53.3–143.4), nearly 70% of groundwater samples were of poor to very poor quality for drinking, which required treatment, and the remaining 30% of samples were unsuitable for domestic purposes. Some samples of the irrigation suitability parameters (Na%, SAR, RSC, PI, CAI, KR and CCR) exhibit moderate to good categories, which can be used for irrigation with proper management. The multivariate statistical analysis was performed to understand the relationships among the chemical constituents present in groundwater. TDS is highly correlated with EC, TH, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
and Cl
−
. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the datasets showed that the first three PCs accounted for 65% of total variance cumulatively 94.5% for a total of 7 PCs. The PCA results indicate that the variation of groundwater quality is possibly attributed to various anthropogenic and geogenic factors, rock–water interactions and ion exchange processes in groundwater. The uncontrolled drawl of subsurface waters and aqua forming at an advanced rate when compared with recharge has led to this coastal aquifer being in a critical stage.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1866-6280</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1866-6299</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12665-022-10387-9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Alluvial aquifers ; Alluvial deposits ; Anions ; Anthropogenic factors ; Aquifers ; Biogeosciences ; Calcium ions ; Cations ; Coastal aquifers ; Constituents ; Drinking ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; Entropy ; Environmental Science and Engineering ; Evaporation ; Geochemistry ; Geology ; Groundwater ; Groundwater quality ; Hydrochemicals ; Hydrology/Water Resources ; Ion exchange ; Irrigation ; Magnesium ; Multivariate analysis ; Multivariate statistical analysis ; Original Article ; Principal components analysis ; Quaternary ; Rocks ; Salinity ; Sedimentary facies ; Sediments ; Sodium ; Solubilization ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical methods ; Statistics ; Subsurface water ; Terrestrial Pollution ; Water analysis ; Water quality ; Water sampling ; Weathering</subject><ispartof>Environmental earth sciences, 2022-05, Vol.81 (10), Article 275</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a342t-3e2e3645e8db7356769ebe67469ec23d6c079133983a3b145d11bb61f07a7e523</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a342t-3e2e3645e8db7356769ebe67469ec23d6c079133983a3b145d11bb61f07a7e523</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0811-2520</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-022-10387-9$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12665-022-10387-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Latha, P. Swarna</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal alluvial aquifer using multivariate statistics and entropy water quality index approach: a case study from West Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh (India)</title><title>Environmental earth sciences</title><addtitle>Environ Earth Sci</addtitle><description>The present study investigates the groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal aquifer in the West Godavari delta region based on geochemical evaluation, integrated multivariate statistical analysis and entropy water quality index (EWQI). The study area is underlain by the Quaternary sediments with unconsolidated to semi consolidated sand, silt and clay formation. In the study, the significant hydrochemical facies of groundwater observed were Na-Mg-Cl-HCO
3
−
, Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
and Mg-Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
. The results revealed that the area occupies high salinity groundwater controlled mainly by evaporation and also by rock weathering-solubilization to some extent. The concentrations of major cations and anions decreased in the order: Na
+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
> Ca
2+
= Cl
−
> HCO
3
−
> SO
4
2−
> NO
3
−
. The chemical constituents of the samples TA (85%), TDS (100%), TH (83%), Mg
2+
(91%), Cl
−
(81%) and SO
4
2
(12%) exceeded the limits, making them unfit for drinking. Based on EWQI (53.3–143.4), nearly 70% of groundwater samples were of poor to very poor quality for drinking, which required treatment, and the remaining 30% of samples were unsuitable for domestic purposes. Some samples of the irrigation suitability parameters (Na%, SAR, RSC, PI, CAI, KR and CCR) exhibit moderate to good categories, which can be used for irrigation with proper management. The multivariate statistical analysis was performed to understand the relationships among the chemical constituents present in groundwater. TDS is highly correlated with EC, TH, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
and Cl
−
. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the datasets showed that the first three PCs accounted for 65% of total variance cumulatively 94.5% for a total of 7 PCs. The PCA results indicate that the variation of groundwater quality is possibly attributed to various anthropogenic and geogenic factors, rock–water interactions and ion exchange processes in groundwater. The uncontrolled drawl of subsurface waters and aqua forming at an advanced rate when compared with recharge has led to this coastal aquifer being in a critical stage.</description><subject>Alluvial aquifers</subject><subject>Alluvial deposits</subject><subject>Anions</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Aquifers</subject><subject>Biogeosciences</subject><subject>Calcium ions</subject><subject>Cations</subject><subject>Coastal aquifers</subject><subject>Constituents</subject><subject>Drinking</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Entropy</subject><subject>Environmental Science and Engineering</subject><subject>Evaporation</subject><subject>Geochemistry</subject><subject>Geology</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater quality</subject><subject>Hydrochemicals</subject><subject>Hydrology/Water Resources</subject><subject>Ion exchange</subject><subject>Irrigation</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Multivariate analysis</subject><subject>Multivariate statistical analysis</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Principal components analysis</subject><subject>Quaternary</subject><subject>Rocks</subject><subject>Salinity</subject><subject>Sedimentary facies</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Solubilization</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Statistics</subject><subject>Subsurface water</subject><subject>Terrestrial Pollution</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Weathering</subject><issn>1866-6280</issn><issn>1866-6299</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc1u1EAQhC1EJKKQF-DUEheQMMyPPba5RSGESJHCAcRx1PaMdyfyznjnZ2FfmadgHCNQLulL96Hq65KqKF5R8p4S0nwIlAlRl4SxkhLeNmX3rDilrRClYF33_N_dkhfFeQj3JA-nvCPitPh9dcApYTTOghth412y6idG7WGfcDLxCKPzoNxOh2gGQKvAeG82q2VOfnZBBzAWEAaHIeIEOE3pYJZjn8yYUSkYu4FdmqI5oDcZD1kYzYIMD0xto3fzER6_NlbpX4Dz7B0O24_LCwyLN6mcy7sd_Mix4NopXLjwSU8R38GFVVuP8NWj0mELb26sMvj2ZXEy4hT0-d99Vnz_fPXt8kt5e3d9c3lxWyKvWCy5ZpqLqtat6htei0Z0uteiqfIeGFdiIE1HOe9ajrynVa0o7XtBR9Jgo2vGz4rXKzen3qecT9675G1-KZmou4pUjDZZxVbV4F0IXo9y9maH_igpkUutcq1V5lrlQ62yyya-mkIW2432_9FPuP4AdPCq2g</recordid><startdate>20220501</startdate><enddate>20220501</enddate><creator>Latha, P. Swarna</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0811-2520</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220501</creationdate><title>Evaluation of groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal alluvial aquifer using multivariate statistics and entropy water quality index approach: a case study from West Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh (India)</title><author>Latha, P. Swarna</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a342t-3e2e3645e8db7356769ebe67469ec23d6c079133983a3b145d11bb61f07a7e523</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Alluvial aquifers</topic><topic>Alluvial deposits</topic><topic>Anions</topic><topic>Anthropogenic factors</topic><topic>Aquifers</topic><topic>Biogeosciences</topic><topic>Calcium ions</topic><topic>Cations</topic><topic>Coastal aquifers</topic><topic>Constituents</topic><topic>Drinking</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Entropy</topic><topic>Environmental Science and Engineering</topic><topic>Evaporation</topic><topic>Geochemistry</topic><topic>Geology</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Groundwater quality</topic><topic>Hydrochemicals</topic><topic>Hydrology/Water Resources</topic><topic>Ion exchange</topic><topic>Irrigation</topic><topic>Magnesium</topic><topic>Multivariate analysis</topic><topic>Multivariate statistical analysis</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Principal components analysis</topic><topic>Quaternary</topic><topic>Rocks</topic><topic>Salinity</topic><topic>Sedimentary facies</topic><topic>Sediments</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>Solubilization</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Statistical methods</topic><topic>Statistics</topic><topic>Subsurface water</topic><topic>Terrestrial Pollution</topic><topic>Water analysis</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water sampling</topic><topic>Weathering</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Latha, P. Swarna</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Environmental earth sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Latha, P. Swarna</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal alluvial aquifer using multivariate statistics and entropy water quality index approach: a case study from West Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh (India)</atitle><jtitle>Environmental earth sciences</jtitle><stitle>Environ Earth Sci</stitle><date>2022-05-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>81</volume><issue>10</issue><artnum>275</artnum><issn>1866-6280</issn><eissn>1866-6299</eissn><abstract>The present study investigates the groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal aquifer in the West Godavari delta region based on geochemical evaluation, integrated multivariate statistical analysis and entropy water quality index (EWQI). The study area is underlain by the Quaternary sediments with unconsolidated to semi consolidated sand, silt and clay formation. In the study, the significant hydrochemical facies of groundwater observed were Na-Mg-Cl-HCO
3
−
, Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
and Mg-Na-Cl-HCO
3
−
. The results revealed that the area occupies high salinity groundwater controlled mainly by evaporation and also by rock weathering-solubilization to some extent. The concentrations of major cations and anions decreased in the order: Na
+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
> Ca
2+
= Cl
−
> HCO
3
−
> SO
4
2−
> NO
3
−
. The chemical constituents of the samples TA (85%), TDS (100%), TH (83%), Mg
2+
(91%), Cl
−
(81%) and SO
4
2
(12%) exceeded the limits, making them unfit for drinking. Based on EWQI (53.3–143.4), nearly 70% of groundwater samples were of poor to very poor quality for drinking, which required treatment, and the remaining 30% of samples were unsuitable for domestic purposes. Some samples of the irrigation suitability parameters (Na%, SAR, RSC, PI, CAI, KR and CCR) exhibit moderate to good categories, which can be used for irrigation with proper management. The multivariate statistical analysis was performed to understand the relationships among the chemical constituents present in groundwater. TDS is highly correlated with EC, TH, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
and Cl
−
. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the datasets showed that the first three PCs accounted for 65% of total variance cumulatively 94.5% for a total of 7 PCs. The PCA results indicate that the variation of groundwater quality is possibly attributed to various anthropogenic and geogenic factors, rock–water interactions and ion exchange processes in groundwater. The uncontrolled drawl of subsurface waters and aqua forming at an advanced rate when compared with recharge has led to this coastal aquifer being in a critical stage.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s12665-022-10387-9</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0811-2520</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1866-6280 1866-6299 |
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| source | Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Alluvial aquifers Alluvial deposits Anions Anthropogenic factors Aquifers Biogeosciences Calcium ions Cations Coastal aquifers Constituents Drinking Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Entropy Environmental Science and Engineering Evaporation Geochemistry Geology Groundwater Groundwater quality Hydrochemicals Hydrology/Water Resources Ion exchange Irrigation Magnesium Multivariate analysis Multivariate statistical analysis Original Article Principal components analysis Quaternary Rocks Salinity Sedimentary facies Sediments Sodium Solubilization Statistical analysis Statistical methods Statistics Subsurface water Terrestrial Pollution Water analysis Water quality Water sampling Weathering |
| title | Evaluation of groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes in a coastal alluvial aquifer using multivariate statistics and entropy water quality index approach: a case study from West Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh (India) |
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