Seasonal extreme rainfall over Indian monsoon region: a moisture budget analysis to distinguish the role of ENSO and non-ENSO forcing
Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) variability of ± 10% of its long-term mean leads to flood and drought, affecting the life and economic situation of the country. It is already established that the interannual variability of ISMR is influenced by large-scale boundary forcing such as SST anomalie...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Theoretical and applied climatology 2022-05, Vol.148 (3-4), p.1603-1613 |
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description | Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) variability of ± 10% of its long-term mean leads to flood and drought, affecting the life and economic situation of the country. It is already established that the interannual variability of ISMR is influenced by large-scale boundary forcing such as SST anomalies of tropical Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. The ISMR association between Pacific SST anomalies in the form of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is only studied in detail. Meanwhile, the present and previous studies show that the ENSO accounts for around 50% of the extreme years, while the other half is associated with other processes such as Atlantic Nino. A differentiation between extremes induced by ENSO and non-ENSO processes is attempted here with the help of moisture and moist static energy budget. The significant contribution to the rainfall extremes comes from moisture advection induced by anomalous winds generated by the boundary forcing and the second contribution from moisture convergence. For the non-ENSO cases, there is a contribution from local fluxes, which are not prominent in the cases of ENSO induced cases. In the ENSO cases, anomalous winds are from the equatorial central Pacific, while EQWIN/IOD cases influence extremes through the local evaporation and moisture advection from the Indian Ocean. Extreme years independent of ENSO/IOD/EQWIN have moisture advection from the anomalous winds across Africa and the Atlantic and are associated with moisture advection toward the northern parts of India. These differences in moisture processes can be responsible for the difference in rainfall distribution over India. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00704-022-04016-5 |
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It is already established that the interannual variability of ISMR is influenced by large-scale boundary forcing such as SST anomalies of tropical Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. The ISMR association between Pacific SST anomalies in the form of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is only studied in detail. Meanwhile, the present and previous studies show that the ENSO accounts for around 50% of the extreme years, while the other half is associated with other processes such as Atlantic Nino. A differentiation between extremes induced by ENSO and non-ENSO processes is attempted here with the help of moisture and moist static energy budget. The significant contribution to the rainfall extremes comes from moisture advection induced by anomalous winds generated by the boundary forcing and the second contribution from moisture convergence. For the non-ENSO cases, there is a contribution from local fluxes, which are not prominent in the cases of ENSO induced cases. In the ENSO cases, anomalous winds are from the equatorial central Pacific, while EQWIN/IOD cases influence extremes through the local evaporation and moisture advection from the Indian Ocean. Extreme years independent of ENSO/IOD/EQWIN have moisture advection from the anomalous winds across Africa and the Atlantic and are associated with moisture advection toward the northern parts of India. These differences in moisture processes can be responsible for the difference in rainfall distribution over India.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0177-798X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1434-4483</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00704-022-04016-5</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Vienna: Springer Vienna</publisher><subject>Advection ; Agricultural production ; Analysis ; Anomalies ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Atmospheric Sciences ; Climate ; Climate science ; Climatology ; Drought ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; Economic aspects ; Economics ; El Nino ; El Nino phenomena ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation event ; Energy budget ; Evaporation ; Extreme weather ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Influence ; Interannual variability ; Moist static energy ; Moisture ; Moisture budget ; Moisture effects ; Monsoon rainfall ; Monsoons ; Oceans ; Original Paper ; Precipitation variability ; Rain ; Rain and rainfall ; Rainfall ; Rainfall distribution ; Sea surface ; Sea surface temperature anomalies ; Southern Oscillation ; Summer monsoon ; Tropical climate ; Variability ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control ; Wind ; Winds</subject><ispartof>Theoretical and applied climatology, 2022-05, Vol.148 (3-4), p.1603-1613</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2022</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Springer</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2022.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c283t-f98ad1147d2fd374dc70c768cf148eafa0571618f4a5bf09aea850e223f581df3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8159-6066</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00704-022-04016-5$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00704-022-04016-5$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dhakate, Ashish R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pillai, Prasanth A.</creatorcontrib><title>Seasonal extreme rainfall over Indian monsoon region: a moisture budget analysis to distinguish the role of ENSO and non-ENSO forcing</title><title>Theoretical and applied climatology</title><addtitle>Theor Appl Climatol</addtitle><description>Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) variability of ± 10% of its long-term mean leads to flood and drought, affecting the life and economic situation of the country. It is already established that the interannual variability of ISMR is influenced by large-scale boundary forcing such as SST anomalies of tropical Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. The ISMR association between Pacific SST anomalies in the form of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is only studied in detail. Meanwhile, the present and previous studies show that the ENSO accounts for around 50% of the extreme years, while the other half is associated with other processes such as Atlantic Nino. A differentiation between extremes induced by ENSO and non-ENSO processes is attempted here with the help of moisture and moist static energy budget. The significant contribution to the rainfall extremes comes from moisture advection induced by anomalous winds generated by the boundary forcing and the second contribution from moisture convergence. For the non-ENSO cases, there is a contribution from local fluxes, which are not prominent in the cases of ENSO induced cases. In the ENSO cases, anomalous winds are from the equatorial central Pacific, while EQWIN/IOD cases influence extremes through the local evaporation and moisture advection from the Indian Ocean. Extreme years independent of ENSO/IOD/EQWIN have moisture advection from the anomalous winds across Africa and the Atlantic and are associated with moisture advection toward the northern parts of India. These differences in moisture processes can be responsible for the difference in rainfall distribution over India.</description><subject>Advection</subject><subject>Agricultural production</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Anomalies</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Sciences</subject><subject>Climate</subject><subject>Climate science</subject><subject>Climatology</subject><subject>Drought</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Economic aspects</subject><subject>Economics</subject><subject>El Nino</subject><subject>El Nino phenomena</subject><subject>El Nino-Southern Oscillation event</subject><subject>Energy budget</subject><subject>Evaporation</subject><subject>Extreme weather</subject><subject>GDP</subject><subject>Gross Domestic Product</subject><subject>Influence</subject><subject>Interannual 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climatology</jtitle><stitle>Theor Appl Climatol</stitle><date>2022-05-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>148</volume><issue>3-4</issue><spage>1603</spage><epage>1613</epage><pages>1603-1613</pages><issn>0177-798X</issn><eissn>1434-4483</eissn><abstract>Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) variability of ± 10% of its long-term mean leads to flood and drought, affecting the life and economic situation of the country. It is already established that the interannual variability of ISMR is influenced by large-scale boundary forcing such as SST anomalies of tropical Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. The ISMR association between Pacific SST anomalies in the form of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is only studied in detail. Meanwhile, the present and previous studies show that the ENSO accounts for around 50% of the extreme years, while the other half is associated with other processes such as Atlantic Nino. A differentiation between extremes induced by ENSO and non-ENSO processes is attempted here with the help of moisture and moist static energy budget. The significant contribution to the rainfall extremes comes from moisture advection induced by anomalous winds generated by the boundary forcing and the second contribution from moisture convergence. For the non-ENSO cases, there is a contribution from local fluxes, which are not prominent in the cases of ENSO induced cases. In the ENSO cases, anomalous winds are from the equatorial central Pacific, while EQWIN/IOD cases influence extremes through the local evaporation and moisture advection from the Indian Ocean. Extreme years independent of ENSO/IOD/EQWIN have moisture advection from the anomalous winds across Africa and the Atlantic and are associated with moisture advection toward the northern parts of India. These differences in moisture processes can be responsible for the difference in rainfall distribution over India.</abstract><cop>Vienna</cop><pub>Springer Vienna</pub><doi>10.1007/s00704-022-04016-5</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8159-6066</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Advection Agricultural production Analysis Anomalies Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Atmospheric Sciences Climate Climate science Climatology Drought Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Economic aspects Economics El Nino El Nino phenomena El Nino-Southern Oscillation event Energy budget Evaporation Extreme weather GDP Gross Domestic Product Influence Interannual variability Moist static energy Moisture Moisture budget Moisture effects Monsoon rainfall Monsoons Oceans Original Paper Precipitation variability Rain Rain and rainfall Rainfall Rainfall distribution Sea surface Sea surface temperature anomalies Southern Oscillation Summer monsoon Tropical climate Variability Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control Wind Winds |
title | Seasonal extreme rainfall over Indian monsoon region: a moisture budget analysis to distinguish the role of ENSO and non-ENSO forcing |
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