Numerical investigations of heat transfer around a hot block subject to a cross-flow and an extended jet hole using ternary hybrid nanofluids

In the last few years, modern heat transfer technologies significantly improved to provide more efficient systems in industries. One of those technologies is cooling electronic components in laminar flow using water nanofluids, which is interesting. This research used a ternary hybrid nanofluid with various nanoparticle forms to conduct a numerical investigation of three-dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow over a heated block exposed to a horizontal flow and an impinging jet. The effects of several variables such as the Reynolds number ratio ( α ) , volume fraction of nanoparticles ( φ h n f ) , length of extended jet hole ( E ) , and the influence of the inclination angle of the impinging jet inlet ( β ) on the fluid flow and heat transfer were examined. Using the Ansys-Fluent 14.5 program and under laminar flow conditions, the finite-volume method was applied with the help of the SIMPLE algorithm to solve continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Several characteristics are assessed, including velocity streamline, isotherm contours, Nusselt number contours, the average Nusselt number ( N u ¯ ), the friction factor ( C f ¯ ) , and drop pressure ( Δ p ) . The findings of the current analysis revealed that adding an impinging jet can boost the heat transfer rate up to 58 % better than a non-impingement jet. Also, a significant enhancement in the heat transfer rate was obtained when growing one of these parameters α, φ h n f , and E. Moreover, the ternary hybrid nanofluid with different nanoparticle forms significantly boosts the heat transfer rate compared to the traditional nanofluid. The maximum heat transfer is reached as the velocity of the impinging jet rises. Inclining the angle of the impinging jet inlet with β = − 20 ° toward the channel inlet boosted the rate of heat transfer up to 11 % compared to the perpendicular impinging jet ( β = 0 ° ) . A strong consensus has been reached with the theoretical and experimental findings found in the literature.