Assessment of Water Resources in Sana’a Region, Yemen Republic (Case Study)
Yemen is a water-scarce country with inadequate freshwater, considerable groundwater depletion, and a lack of adequate surface water. This study aims to assess water resources and identify the current water situation in Sana’a region, which includes the governorate of Sana’a and the country’s capita...
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description | Yemen is a water-scarce country with inadequate freshwater, considerable groundwater depletion, and a lack of adequate surface water. This study aims to assess water resources and identify the current water situation in Sana’a region, which includes the governorate of Sana’a and the country’s capital, Sana’a city. A variety of data from different sources was collected and analyzed. Remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques in combination with the Arc Hydro model were utilized. Water demand and supply for domestic and agricultural purposes were estimated. The results show that there is insufficient water to meet the needs of the region’s yearly population growth rates of 3.2 and 4.5% in Sana’a governorate and Sana’a city, respectively. The amount of observed rainfall varies spatially and temporally, ranging between 160 and 367 mm per year. There are 233 water structures, 168 dams, and 65 reservoirs, with a storage capacity of 64.65 and 0.24 Mm3 (million cubic meters), respectively. In Sana’a basin, groundwater abstraction increased significantly from about 25 Mm3 in 1970 to around 330 Mm3 in 2020, while groundwater recharge was about 80 Mm3 in 2020. The estimated water demand for domestic use was in the range of approximately 106–128 and 199–241 Mm3 in Sana’a governorate, whereas in Sana’a city, it was in the range of about 249–302 and 607–737 Mm3 for 2020 and 2040, respectively. The estimated agriculture water demand was between 1.14 and 1.53 Bm3 (billion cubic meters) in 2007, and declined to 801 Mm3 and 1.16 Bm3 in 2018 due to the reduction in the cultivated area by about 33% from 2007 to 2018, which was attributed to a lack of water. The estimated water deficit ranges between 500 and 723 Mm3 during 2007 and 2018. This study concluded that the estimated water supply and demand for the past 12 years from 2007 to 2018 resulted in a supply that was less than the demand in each year, indicating that the available water resources were insufficient to fulfill demand. The significant gap between water supply and demand means withdrawal from the stored groundwater. Thus, groundwater is at high risk. Constructing more water harvesting structures, adopting water conservation, water resource management, and making groundwater artificial recharge are recommended to meet the water demand and conserve non-renewable resources in the coming decades. The results obtained from this study would help decision makers to make appropriate plans to achieve the SDGs in Sana’a regio |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w14071039 |
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This study aims to assess water resources and identify the current water situation in Sana’a region, which includes the governorate of Sana’a and the country’s capital, Sana’a city. A variety of data from different sources was collected and analyzed. Remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques in combination with the Arc Hydro model were utilized. Water demand and supply for domestic and agricultural purposes were estimated. The results show that there is insufficient water to meet the needs of the region’s yearly population growth rates of 3.2 and 4.5% in Sana’a governorate and Sana’a city, respectively. The amount of observed rainfall varies spatially and temporally, ranging between 160 and 367 mm per year. There are 233 water structures, 168 dams, and 65 reservoirs, with a storage capacity of 64.65 and 0.24 Mm3 (million cubic meters), respectively. In Sana’a basin, groundwater abstraction increased significantly from about 25 Mm3 in 1970 to around 330 Mm3 in 2020, while groundwater recharge was about 80 Mm3 in 2020. The estimated water demand for domestic use was in the range of approximately 106–128 and 199–241 Mm3 in Sana’a governorate, whereas in Sana’a city, it was in the range of about 249–302 and 607–737 Mm3 for 2020 and 2040, respectively. The estimated agriculture water demand was between 1.14 and 1.53 Bm3 (billion cubic meters) in 2007, and declined to 801 Mm3 and 1.16 Bm3 in 2018 due to the reduction in the cultivated area by about 33% from 2007 to 2018, which was attributed to a lack of water. The estimated water deficit ranges between 500 and 723 Mm3 during 2007 and 2018. This study concluded that the estimated water supply and demand for the past 12 years from 2007 to 2018 resulted in a supply that was less than the demand in each year, indicating that the available water resources were insufficient to fulfill demand. The significant gap between water supply and demand means withdrawal from the stored groundwater. Thus, groundwater is at high risk. Constructing more water harvesting structures, adopting water conservation, water resource management, and making groundwater artificial recharge are recommended to meet the water demand and conserve non-renewable resources in the coming decades. The results obtained from this study would help decision makers to make appropriate plans to achieve the SDGs in Sana’a region.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w14071039</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Analysis ; Aquatic resources ; Artificial recharge ; Case studies ; Climate change ; Decision making ; Developing countries ; Drinking water ; Freshwater resources ; Groundwater ; Groundwater basins ; Groundwater depletion ; Groundwater management ; Groundwater recharge ; Growth rate ; LDCs ; Management ; Nonrenewable resources ; Population growth ; Rain ; Rainfall ; Remote sensing ; Renewable resources ; Resource management ; Sanitation ; Storage capacity ; Surface water ; Sustainable development ; Sustainable yield ; Water ; Water conservation ; Water deficit ; Water demand ; Water harvesting ; Water management ; Water pollution ; Water resources ; Water resources management ; Water shortages ; Water storage ; Water supply ; Water, Underground ; Yemen</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2022-04, Vol.14 (7), p.1039</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c331t-208272a7fcb738bb56394ed3a8d5ec3d56ee8d0d6d89d2d8fa7ced33e8deb9ef3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c331t-208272a7fcb738bb56394ed3a8d5ec3d56ee8d0d6d89d2d8fa7ced33e8deb9ef3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5670-8460 ; 0000-0002-5582-6112</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Aljawzi, Alhasan Ahmed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fang, Hongyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abbas, Abdullah A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khailah, Ebrahim Yahya</creatorcontrib><title>Assessment of Water Resources in Sana’a Region, Yemen Republic (Case Study)</title><title>Water (Basel)</title><description>Yemen is a water-scarce country with inadequate freshwater, considerable groundwater depletion, and a lack of adequate surface water. This study aims to assess water resources and identify the current water situation in Sana’a region, which includes the governorate of Sana’a and the country’s capital, Sana’a city. A variety of data from different sources was collected and analyzed. Remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques in combination with the Arc Hydro model were utilized. Water demand and supply for domestic and agricultural purposes were estimated. The results show that there is insufficient water to meet the needs of the region’s yearly population growth rates of 3.2 and 4.5% in Sana’a governorate and Sana’a city, respectively. The amount of observed rainfall varies spatially and temporally, ranging between 160 and 367 mm per year. There are 233 water structures, 168 dams, and 65 reservoirs, with a storage capacity of 64.65 and 0.24 Mm3 (million cubic meters), respectively. In Sana’a basin, groundwater abstraction increased significantly from about 25 Mm3 in 1970 to around 330 Mm3 in 2020, while groundwater recharge was about 80 Mm3 in 2020. The estimated water demand for domestic use was in the range of approximately 106–128 and 199–241 Mm3 in Sana’a governorate, whereas in Sana’a city, it was in the range of about 249–302 and 607–737 Mm3 for 2020 and 2040, respectively. The estimated agriculture water demand was between 1.14 and 1.53 Bm3 (billion cubic meters) in 2007, and declined to 801 Mm3 and 1.16 Bm3 in 2018 due to the reduction in the cultivated area by about 33% from 2007 to 2018, which was attributed to a lack of water. The estimated water deficit ranges between 500 and 723 Mm3 during 2007 and 2018. This study concluded that the estimated water supply and demand for the past 12 years from 2007 to 2018 resulted in a supply that was less than the demand in each year, indicating that the available water resources were insufficient to fulfill demand. The significant gap between water supply and demand means withdrawal from the stored groundwater. Thus, groundwater is at high risk. Constructing more water harvesting structures, adopting water conservation, water resource management, and making groundwater artificial recharge are recommended to meet the water demand and conserve non-renewable resources in the coming decades. The results obtained from this study would help decision makers to make appropriate plans to achieve the SDGs in Sana’a region.</description><subject>Agricultural production</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Aquatic resources</subject><subject>Artificial recharge</subject><subject>Case studies</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Decision making</subject><subject>Developing countries</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Freshwater resources</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater basins</subject><subject>Groundwater depletion</subject><subject>Groundwater management</subject><subject>Groundwater recharge</subject><subject>Growth rate</subject><subject>LDCs</subject><subject>Management</subject><subject>Nonrenewable resources</subject><subject>Population growth</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Rainfall</subject><subject>Remote sensing</subject><subject>Renewable resources</subject><subject>Resource management</subject><subject>Sanitation</subject><subject>Storage capacity</subject><subject>Surface water</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><subject>Sustainable yield</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Water conservation</subject><subject>Water deficit</subject><subject>Water demand</subject><subject>Water harvesting</subject><subject>Water management</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><subject>Water resources</subject><subject>Water resources management</subject><subject>Water shortages</subject><subject>Water storage</subject><subject>Water supply</subject><subject>Water, Underground</subject><subject>Yemen</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpNUM1KAzEQDqJgqT34BgEvFtya3clukmMp_kFFsIp4WrLJpGxpd2uyi_Tma_h6PomRijhzmJlvvvnhI-Q0ZRMAxS7fU85EykAdkEHGBCSc8_TwX35MRiGsWDSupMzZgNxPQ8AQNth0tHX0RXfo6SOGtvcGA60butCN_vr41BFd1m1zQV8xsmO17at1bej5TAeki663u_EJOXJ6HXD0G4fk-frqaXabzB9u7mbTeWIA0i7JmMxEpoUzlQBZVXkBiqMFLW2OBmxeIErLbGGlspmVTgsT2xBBrBQ6GJKz_d6tb996DF25ig838WSZFVyxQkjII2uyZy31Gsu6cW3ntYlucVObtkFXR3wqVAo8qiHiwHg_YHwbgkdXbn290X5Xpqz8Ubj8Uxi-AW2JbT8</recordid><startdate>20220401</startdate><enddate>20220401</enddate><creator>Aljawzi, Alhasan Ahmed</creator><creator>Fang, Hongyuan</creator><creator>Abbas, Abdullah A.</creator><creator>Khailah, Ebrahim Yahya</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-8460</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5582-6112</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220401</creationdate><title>Assessment of Water Resources in Sana’a Region, Yemen Republic (Case Study)</title><author>Aljawzi, Alhasan Ahmed ; 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This study aims to assess water resources and identify the current water situation in Sana’a region, which includes the governorate of Sana’a and the country’s capital, Sana’a city. A variety of data from different sources was collected and analyzed. Remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques in combination with the Arc Hydro model were utilized. Water demand and supply for domestic and agricultural purposes were estimated. The results show that there is insufficient water to meet the needs of the region’s yearly population growth rates of 3.2 and 4.5% in Sana’a governorate and Sana’a city, respectively. The amount of observed rainfall varies spatially and temporally, ranging between 160 and 367 mm per year. There are 233 water structures, 168 dams, and 65 reservoirs, with a storage capacity of 64.65 and 0.24 Mm3 (million cubic meters), respectively. In Sana’a basin, groundwater abstraction increased significantly from about 25 Mm3 in 1970 to around 330 Mm3 in 2020, while groundwater recharge was about 80 Mm3 in 2020. The estimated water demand for domestic use was in the range of approximately 106–128 and 199–241 Mm3 in Sana’a governorate, whereas in Sana’a city, it was in the range of about 249–302 and 607–737 Mm3 for 2020 and 2040, respectively. The estimated agriculture water demand was between 1.14 and 1.53 Bm3 (billion cubic meters) in 2007, and declined to 801 Mm3 and 1.16 Bm3 in 2018 due to the reduction in the cultivated area by about 33% from 2007 to 2018, which was attributed to a lack of water. The estimated water deficit ranges between 500 and 723 Mm3 during 2007 and 2018. This study concluded that the estimated water supply and demand for the past 12 years from 2007 to 2018 resulted in a supply that was less than the demand in each year, indicating that the available water resources were insufficient to fulfill demand. The significant gap between water supply and demand means withdrawal from the stored groundwater. Thus, groundwater is at high risk. Constructing more water harvesting structures, adopting water conservation, water resource management, and making groundwater artificial recharge are recommended to meet the water demand and conserve non-renewable resources in the coming decades. The results obtained from this study would help decision makers to make appropriate plans to achieve the SDGs in Sana’a region.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/w14071039</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-8460</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5582-6112</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Agricultural production Agriculture Analysis Aquatic resources Artificial recharge Case studies Climate change Decision making Developing countries Drinking water Freshwater resources Groundwater Groundwater basins Groundwater depletion Groundwater management Groundwater recharge Growth rate LDCs Management Nonrenewable resources Population growth Rain Rainfall Remote sensing Renewable resources Resource management Sanitation Storage capacity Surface water Sustainable development Sustainable yield Water Water conservation Water deficit Water demand Water harvesting Water management Water pollution Water resources Water resources management Water shortages Water storage Water supply Water, Underground Yemen |
title | Assessment of Water Resources in Sana’a Region, Yemen Republic (Case Study) |
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