Long Term Effectiveness of Wellhead Protection Areas
A preventive instrument to ensure the protection of groundwater is the establishment of wellhead protect areas (WPA) for public supply wells. The shape of the WPA depends on the rate of pumping and aquifer characteristics, such as the transmissivity, porosity, hydraulic gradient, and aquifer thickne...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Water (Basel) 2022-04, Vol.14 (7), p.1063 |
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description | A preventive instrument to ensure the protection of groundwater is the establishment of wellhead protect areas (WPA) for public supply wells. The shape of the WPA depends on the rate of pumping and aquifer characteristics, such as the transmissivity, porosity, hydraulic gradient, and aquifer thickness. If any parameter changes after the design of the WPA, it will no longer be effective in protecting the aquifer and its catchment. With population growth in urban areas, the pressure on groundwater abstraction increases. Changes in flow, drawdowns and hydraulic gradients often occur. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the WPA after a long period of establishment, in public wells with continuous pumping, located in densely populated urban area of the municipality of Montijo (Portugal). Considering the aquifer scenario in 2019, new extended WPAs were calculated using the combined results of three analytical methods and numerical modelling. In 2009 the aquifer presented hydraulic gradients varying between 0.0005 and 0.002, giving rise to a protection area with essentially circular shape. Although there was no increase in extraction flow, in 2019 the hydraulic gradients vary from 0.0008 to 0.008, and the flow directions have changed because of the water level decline. The shape of the WPA in this case is essentially elliptical and longer upstream and it can pose difficulties in the protection of public water catchments, in an urban area with already defined and consolidated land use. The best protection of the public supply wells in disturbed aquifers is obtained through numerical modeling. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w14071063 |
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The shape of the WPA depends on the rate of pumping and aquifer characteristics, such as the transmissivity, porosity, hydraulic gradient, and aquifer thickness. If any parameter changes after the design of the WPA, it will no longer be effective in protecting the aquifer and its catchment. With population growth in urban areas, the pressure on groundwater abstraction increases. Changes in flow, drawdowns and hydraulic gradients often occur. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the WPA after a long period of establishment, in public wells with continuous pumping, located in densely populated urban area of the municipality of Montijo (Portugal). Considering the aquifer scenario in 2019, new extended WPAs were calculated using the combined results of three analytical methods and numerical modelling. In 2009 the aquifer presented hydraulic gradients varying between 0.0005 and 0.002, giving rise to a protection area with essentially circular shape. Although there was no increase in extraction flow, in 2019 the hydraulic gradients vary from 0.0008 to 0.008, and the flow directions have changed because of the water level decline. The shape of the WPA in this case is essentially elliptical and longer upstream and it can pose difficulties in the protection of public water catchments, in an urban area with already defined and consolidated land use. The best protection of the public supply wells in disturbed aquifers is obtained through numerical modeling.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w14071063</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Analytical methods ; Aquifer characteristics ; Aquifers ; Catchments ; Contamination ; Design parameters ; Drawdown ; Drinking water ; Groundwater ; Hydraulic gradient ; Hydraulics ; Land use ; Management ; Numerical methods ; Pollutants ; Population density ; Population growth ; Porosity ; Propagation ; Public waters ; Pumping ; Transmissivity ; Urban areas ; Water ; Water levels ; Water, Underground</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2022-04, Vol.14 (7), p.1063</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c261t-b008367228eca8883199a19ef66ba3819a71fde63a49a1bc51649d575ab2f8313</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c261t-b008367228eca8883199a19ef66ba3819a71fde63a49a1bc51649d575ab2f8313</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5275-1311 ; 0000-0002-9605-7831</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zeferino, Joel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paiva, Marina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carvalho, Maria do Rosário</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carvalho, José Martins</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Almeida, Carlos</creatorcontrib><title>Long Term Effectiveness of Wellhead Protection Areas</title><title>Water (Basel)</title><description>A preventive instrument to ensure the protection of groundwater is the establishment of wellhead protect areas (WPA) for public supply wells. The shape of the WPA depends on the rate of pumping and aquifer characteristics, such as the transmissivity, porosity, hydraulic gradient, and aquifer thickness. If any parameter changes after the design of the WPA, it will no longer be effective in protecting the aquifer and its catchment. With population growth in urban areas, the pressure on groundwater abstraction increases. Changes in flow, drawdowns and hydraulic gradients often occur. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the WPA after a long period of establishment, in public wells with continuous pumping, located in densely populated urban area of the municipality of Montijo (Portugal). Considering the aquifer scenario in 2019, new extended WPAs were calculated using the combined results of three analytical methods and numerical modelling. In 2009 the aquifer presented hydraulic gradients varying between 0.0005 and 0.002, giving rise to a protection area with essentially circular shape. Although there was no increase in extraction flow, in 2019 the hydraulic gradients vary from 0.0008 to 0.008, and the flow directions have changed because of the water level decline. The shape of the WPA in this case is essentially elliptical and longer upstream and it can pose difficulties in the protection of public water catchments, in an urban area with already defined and consolidated land use. The best protection of the public supply wells in disturbed aquifers is obtained through numerical modeling.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Analytical methods</subject><subject>Aquifer characteristics</subject><subject>Aquifers</subject><subject>Catchments</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Design parameters</subject><subject>Drawdown</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Hydraulic gradient</subject><subject>Hydraulics</subject><subject>Land use</subject><subject>Management</subject><subject>Numerical methods</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Population density</subject><subject>Population growth</subject><subject>Porosity</subject><subject>Propagation</subject><subject>Public waters</subject><subject>Pumping</subject><subject>Transmissivity</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Water levels</subject><subject>Water, Underground</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpNUE1LxDAQDaLgsu7Bf1Dw5KFr0qRpcizL-gEFPax4DGk6Wbu0zZp0Ff-9KRVx5jDDm_fmC6FrgteUSnz3RRguCOb0DC0yXNCUMUbO_-WXaBXCAUdjUogcLxCr3LBPduD7ZGstmLH9hAFCSJxN3qDr3kE3yYt341RyQ1J60OEKXVjdBVj9xiV6vd_uNo9p9fzwtCmr1GScjGmNsaC8yDIBRgshKJFSEwmW81pTQaQuiG2AU80iXpuccCabvMh1ndnIpkt0M_c9evdxgjCqgzv5IY5UWaTiXMSbIms9s_a6A9UO1o1em-gN9K1xA9g24mUhCWVxi0lwOwuMdyF4sOro2177b0Wwmh6p_h5JfwBCZ2IN</recordid><startdate>20220401</startdate><enddate>20220401</enddate><creator>Zeferino, Joel</creator><creator>Paiva, Marina</creator><creator>Carvalho, Maria do Rosário</creator><creator>Carvalho, José Martins</creator><creator>Almeida, Carlos</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-1311</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-7831</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220401</creationdate><title>Long Term Effectiveness of Wellhead Protection Areas</title><author>Zeferino, Joel ; Paiva, Marina ; Carvalho, Maria do Rosário ; Carvalho, José Martins ; Almeida, Carlos</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c261t-b008367228eca8883199a19ef66ba3819a71fde63a49a1bc51649d575ab2f8313</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Analytical methods</topic><topic>Aquifer characteristics</topic><topic>Aquifers</topic><topic>Catchments</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Design parameters</topic><topic>Drawdown</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Hydraulic gradient</topic><topic>Hydraulics</topic><topic>Land use</topic><topic>Management</topic><topic>Numerical methods</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Population density</topic><topic>Population growth</topic><topic>Porosity</topic><topic>Propagation</topic><topic>Public waters</topic><topic>Pumping</topic><topic>Transmissivity</topic><topic>Urban areas</topic><topic>Water</topic><topic>Water levels</topic><topic>Water, Underground</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zeferino, Joel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paiva, Marina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carvalho, Maria do Rosário</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carvalho, José Martins</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Almeida, Carlos</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zeferino, Joel</au><au>Paiva, Marina</au><au>Carvalho, Maria do Rosário</au><au>Carvalho, José Martins</au><au>Almeida, Carlos</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Long Term Effectiveness of Wellhead Protection Areas</atitle><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle><date>2022-04-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1063</spage><pages>1063-</pages><issn>2073-4441</issn><eissn>2073-4441</eissn><abstract>A preventive instrument to ensure the protection of groundwater is the establishment of wellhead protect areas (WPA) for public supply wells. The shape of the WPA depends on the rate of pumping and aquifer characteristics, such as the transmissivity, porosity, hydraulic gradient, and aquifer thickness. If any parameter changes after the design of the WPA, it will no longer be effective in protecting the aquifer and its catchment. With population growth in urban areas, the pressure on groundwater abstraction increases. Changes in flow, drawdowns and hydraulic gradients often occur. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the WPA after a long period of establishment, in public wells with continuous pumping, located in densely populated urban area of the municipality of Montijo (Portugal). Considering the aquifer scenario in 2019, new extended WPAs were calculated using the combined results of three analytical methods and numerical modelling. In 2009 the aquifer presented hydraulic gradients varying between 0.0005 and 0.002, giving rise to a protection area with essentially circular shape. Although there was no increase in extraction flow, in 2019 the hydraulic gradients vary from 0.0008 to 0.008, and the flow directions have changed because of the water level decline. The shape of the WPA in this case is essentially elliptical and longer upstream and it can pose difficulties in the protection of public water catchments, in an urban area with already defined and consolidated land use. The best protection of the public supply wells in disturbed aquifers is obtained through numerical modeling.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/w14071063</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-1311</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-7831</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Analysis Analytical methods Aquifer characteristics Aquifers Catchments Contamination Design parameters Drawdown Drinking water Groundwater Hydraulic gradient Hydraulics Land use Management Numerical methods Pollutants Population density Population growth Porosity Propagation Public waters Pumping Transmissivity Urban areas Water Water levels Water, Underground |
title | Long Term Effectiveness of Wellhead Protection Areas |
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