Analysis of the Radiological, Mineralogical and Long-Term Sustainability of Several Commercial Aswan Granites Used as Building Materials
The widespread usage of granite in the building sector motivated us to conduct this research and examine the material’s sustainability in terms of the investigated characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the statistical analysis results for the mineralogical impact on radiological h...
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creator | Zakaly, Hesham M. H. Awad, Hamdy A. Moghazy, Nasser M. Tekin, Huseyin O. Rabie, Abdalla Fawzy, Mona M. El-Tohamy, Amira M. Ene, Antoaneta Issa, Shams A. M. |
description | The widespread usage of granite in the building sector motivated us to conduct this research and examine the material’s sustainability in terms of the investigated characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the statistical analysis results for the mineralogical impact on radiological hazards indices, such as the equivalent of radium, absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose, internal and external hazard indices, as well as the gamma-ray index, that were calculated to estimate the environmental risks associated with these granites used as building materials, to protect the public from excessive radioactivity exposure. We focused primarily on statistical significance at a 95% confidence level. We employed a non-parametric test (Kruskal–Wallis Test) rather than a one-way ANOVA, to determine the statistical significance of the samples due to the lack of homogeneity or normality among them. To assess the difference between the samples, we used the Mann–Whitney Test on each pair of samples. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients for all the mineralogical results are computed. The presence of K-rich minerals (Kefeldspars, biotite) and accessories such as uranophane, uranothorite, allanite, xenotime, fergusonite, aeschynite, zircon, cassiterite, apatite, and sphene, which are mostly found in granitic rocks, determines the level of natural radioactivity of the investigated granites. Most of the rock samples analyzed have indicators of radioactive dangers that are within the acceptable level range, indicating that they are suitable for use as building materials. On the other hand, some samples have environmental criteria that are higher than international standards, indicating that they are unsuitable for use as construction materials. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/su14063553 |
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H. ; Awad, Hamdy A. ; Moghazy, Nasser M. ; Tekin, Huseyin O. ; Rabie, Abdalla ; Fawzy, Mona M. ; El-Tohamy, Amira M. ; Ene, Antoaneta ; Issa, Shams A. M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Zakaly, Hesham M. H. ; Awad, Hamdy A. ; Moghazy, Nasser M. ; Tekin, Huseyin O. ; Rabie, Abdalla ; Fawzy, Mona M. ; El-Tohamy, Amira M. ; Ene, Antoaneta ; Issa, Shams A. M.</creatorcontrib><description>The widespread usage of granite in the building sector motivated us to conduct this research and examine the material’s sustainability in terms of the investigated characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the statistical analysis results for the mineralogical impact on radiological hazards indices, such as the equivalent of radium, absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose, internal and external hazard indices, as well as the gamma-ray index, that were calculated to estimate the environmental risks associated with these granites used as building materials, to protect the public from excessive radioactivity exposure. We focused primarily on statistical significance at a 95% confidence level. We employed a non-parametric test (Kruskal–Wallis Test) rather than a one-way ANOVA, to determine the statistical significance of the samples due to the lack of homogeneity or normality among them. To assess the difference between the samples, we used the Mann–Whitney Test on each pair of samples. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients for all the mineralogical results are computed. The presence of K-rich minerals (Kefeldspars, biotite) and accessories such as uranophane, uranothorite, allanite, xenotime, fergusonite, aeschynite, zircon, cassiterite, apatite, and sphene, which are mostly found in granitic rocks, determines the level of natural radioactivity of the investigated granites. Most of the rock samples analyzed have indicators of radioactive dangers that are within the acceptable level range, indicating that they are suitable for use as building materials. On the other hand, some samples have environmental criteria that are higher than international standards, indicating that they are unsuitable for use as construction materials.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su14063553</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Apatite ; Biotite ; Building ; Building materials ; Cassiterite ; Confidence intervals ; Construction materials ; Correlation coefficient ; Correlation coefficients ; Environmental risk ; Environmental sustainability ; Gamma rays ; Homogeneity ; International standardization ; International standards ; Kruskal-Wallis test ; Mann-Whitney U test ; Mineralogy ; Minerals ; Natural radioactivity ; Normality ; Potassium ; Protection and preservation ; Radiation ; Radioactivity ; Radium ; Rocks ; Samples ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical methods ; Statistical significance ; Statistics ; Student's t-test ; Sustainability ; Variance analysis ; Xenotime ; Zircon</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2022-03, Vol.14 (6), p.3553</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c259t-38c76dec139a5516e3f0ba2d066f8a98269b7ad41e92d0d8f29c8a81fff6ae883</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c259t-38c76dec139a5516e3f0ba2d066f8a98269b7ad41e92d0d8f29c8a81fff6ae883</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7645-9964 ; 0000-0002-6976-0767 ; 0000-0002-0997-3488 ; 0000-0002-8599-4715</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zakaly, Hesham M. H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Awad, Hamdy A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moghazy, Nasser M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tekin, Huseyin O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rabie, Abdalla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fawzy, Mona M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Tohamy, Amira M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ene, Antoaneta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Issa, Shams A. M.</creatorcontrib><title>Analysis of the Radiological, Mineralogical and Long-Term Sustainability of Several Commercial Aswan Granites Used as Building Materials</title><title>Sustainability</title><description>The widespread usage of granite in the building sector motivated us to conduct this research and examine the material’s sustainability in terms of the investigated characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the statistical analysis results for the mineralogical impact on radiological hazards indices, such as the equivalent of radium, absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose, internal and external hazard indices, as well as the gamma-ray index, that were calculated to estimate the environmental risks associated with these granites used as building materials, to protect the public from excessive radioactivity exposure. We focused primarily on statistical significance at a 95% confidence level. We employed a non-parametric test (Kruskal–Wallis Test) rather than a one-way ANOVA, to determine the statistical significance of the samples due to the lack of homogeneity or normality among them. To assess the difference between the samples, we used the Mann–Whitney Test on each pair of samples. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients for all the mineralogical results are computed. The presence of K-rich minerals (Kefeldspars, biotite) and accessories such as uranophane, uranothorite, allanite, xenotime, fergusonite, aeschynite, zircon, cassiterite, apatite, and sphene, which are mostly found in granitic rocks, determines the level of natural radioactivity of the investigated granites. Most of the rock samples analyzed have indicators of radioactive dangers that are within the acceptable level range, indicating that they are suitable for use as building materials. On the other hand, some samples have environmental criteria that are higher than international standards, indicating that they are unsuitable for use as construction materials.</description><subject>Apatite</subject><subject>Biotite</subject><subject>Building</subject><subject>Building materials</subject><subject>Cassiterite</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Construction materials</subject><subject>Correlation coefficient</subject><subject>Correlation coefficients</subject><subject>Environmental risk</subject><subject>Environmental sustainability</subject><subject>Gamma rays</subject><subject>Homogeneity</subject><subject>International standardization</subject><subject>International standards</subject><subject>Kruskal-Wallis test</subject><subject>Mann-Whitney U test</subject><subject>Mineralogy</subject><subject>Minerals</subject><subject>Natural radioactivity</subject><subject>Normality</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Protection and preservation</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Radioactivity</subject><subject>Radium</subject><subject>Rocks</subject><subject>Samples</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Statistical significance</subject><subject>Statistics</subject><subject>Student's t-test</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Variance analysis</subject><subject>Xenotime</subject><subject>Zircon</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkc9q3DAQxk1oISHNpU8g6KmlTvXH1krH7dImgQ2FbHIWs_bIVfBKqUZusm_Qx66XDbRz-b4ZfjOH-arqveCXSln-hSbRcK3aVp1UZ5IvRC14y9_850-rC6JHPpdSwgp9Vv1ZRhj3FIglz8pPZHfQhzSmIXQwfma3IWKG15ZB7Nk6xaG-x7xjm4kKhAjbMIayP-xv8PeBZqu022HuwmyX9AyRXWWIoSCxB8KeAbGvUxj7EAd2CwXzDNK76q2fBS9e9bx6-P7tfnVdr39c3ayW67qTrS21Mt1C99gJZaFthUbl-RZkz7X2BqyR2m4X0DcC7TzsjZe2M2CE914DGqPOqw_Hu085_ZqQintMU56fQE7qRuqWG2ln6uORGmBEF2KXYsGXMsBE5G42d25pJG-M4s1iZj8d2S4noozePeWwg7x3grtDMO5fMOov-NeAxw</recordid><startdate>20220301</startdate><enddate>20220301</enddate><creator>Zakaly, Hesham M. 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H.</au><au>Awad, Hamdy A.</au><au>Moghazy, Nasser M.</au><au>Tekin, Huseyin O.</au><au>Rabie, Abdalla</au><au>Fawzy, Mona M.</au><au>El-Tohamy, Amira M.</au><au>Ene, Antoaneta</au><au>Issa, Shams A. M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Analysis of the Radiological, Mineralogical and Long-Term Sustainability of Several Commercial Aswan Granites Used as Building Materials</atitle><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle><date>2022-03-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>3553</spage><pages>3553-</pages><issn>2071-1050</issn><eissn>2071-1050</eissn><abstract>The widespread usage of granite in the building sector motivated us to conduct this research and examine the material’s sustainability in terms of the investigated characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the statistical analysis results for the mineralogical impact on radiological hazards indices, such as the equivalent of radium, absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose, internal and external hazard indices, as well as the gamma-ray index, that were calculated to estimate the environmental risks associated with these granites used as building materials, to protect the public from excessive radioactivity exposure. We focused primarily on statistical significance at a 95% confidence level. We employed a non-parametric test (Kruskal–Wallis Test) rather than a one-way ANOVA, to determine the statistical significance of the samples due to the lack of homogeneity or normality among them. To assess the difference between the samples, we used the Mann–Whitney Test on each pair of samples. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients for all the mineralogical results are computed. The presence of K-rich minerals (Kefeldspars, biotite) and accessories such as uranophane, uranothorite, allanite, xenotime, fergusonite, aeschynite, zircon, cassiterite, apatite, and sphene, which are mostly found in granitic rocks, determines the level of natural radioactivity of the investigated granites. Most of the rock samples analyzed have indicators of radioactive dangers that are within the acceptable level range, indicating that they are suitable for use as building materials. On the other hand, some samples have environmental criteria that are higher than international standards, indicating that they are unsuitable for use as construction materials.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/su14063553</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7645-9964</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-0767</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-3488</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8599-4715</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Apatite Biotite Building Building materials Cassiterite Confidence intervals Construction materials Correlation coefficient Correlation coefficients Environmental risk Environmental sustainability Gamma rays Homogeneity International standardization International standards Kruskal-Wallis test Mann-Whitney U test Mineralogy Minerals Natural radioactivity Normality Potassium Protection and preservation Radiation Radioactivity Radium Rocks Samples Statistical analysis Statistical methods Statistical significance Statistics Student's t-test Sustainability Variance analysis Xenotime Zircon |
title | Analysis of the Radiological, Mineralogical and Long-Term Sustainability of Several Commercial Aswan Granites Used as Building Materials |
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