Assessment of Natural Radionuclide Distribution Pattern and Radiological Risk from Rocks in Precambrian Oban Massif, Southeastern Nigeria
A gamma spectrometric analysis of rock samples collected from the Precambrian Oban Massif, southeastern Nigeria, was performed to determine some primordial radioelements’ activity concentrations: U-238, Th-232, and K-40, and their associated radiological hazards. The mean activity of the primordial...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Minerals (Basel) 2022-03, Vol.12 (3), p.312 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 3 |
| container_start_page | 312 |
| container_title | Minerals (Basel) |
| container_volume | 12 |
| creator | E. Ekpe, Ekpenyong Ben, Ubong C. Ekwok, Stephen E. Ebong, Ebong D. Akpan, Anthony E. Eldosouky, Ahmed M. Abdelrahman, Kamal Gómez-Ortiz, David |
| description | A gamma spectrometric analysis of rock samples collected from the Precambrian Oban Massif, southeastern Nigeria, was performed to determine some primordial radioelements’ activity concentrations: U-238, Th-232, and K-40, and their associated radiological hazards. The mean activity of the primordial radionuclides was determined to be 1073.06 ± 0.65, 160.74 ± 1.32, and 250.76 ± 0.91 Bq·kg−1 for 40K, 238U, and 232Th, respectively, showing that they are inhomogeneously distributed, with activity changing with the rock type and location. The activity concentrations are highest in biotite garnet schist, quartz diorite, and biotite gneiss rock domains. The mean values of the radiological hazards are 0.08 Bq·kg−1 (alpha index), 2.15 Bq·kg−1(gamma index), 2.06 Bq·kg−1(internal) and 1.63 Bq·kg−1 (external4.30 Bq·kg−1(representative level index6), 602.23 Bq·kg−1, (radium equivalent), 780 nGy·h−1 (total absorbed dose rate), 270.91 nGy·h−1 (indoor), 509.78 nGy·h−1 (outdoor), 624.99, 1329.07 and 1954.06 mSv·yr−1 (outdoor, indoor and total annual effective dose equivalent, respectively), 6448.40 (cumulative excess lifetime cancer risk) and 248.94–3761.47 Bq·kg−1 (annual gonadal dose equivalent). These results are higher than their various permissible limits (except at Ako Community) and suggest that rocks in the area may be unsuitable for constructing dwelling places. It is strongly advised that basic safety standards and precautionary measures recommended by the European Commission should be strictly adhered to while dealing with these rocks. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/min12030312 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2642438941</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2642438941</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c298t-f19788d8fed7c25aafc0323d721d0940f6e0cc9c0fcee52f98580195904607623</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpNkMtOwzAQRS0EElXpih-wxBICfuRhL6vylEqLCkjsItexi9skLh5nwSfw16SURWcxczU6c0e6CJ1Tcs25JDeNaykjnHDKjtCAkSJLaM4_jg_0KRoBrElfknKRsQH6GQMYgMa0EXuLZyp2QdV4oSrn207XrjL41kEMbtnFfoVfVIwmtFi11Z6q_crp3YmDDbbBN3jh9Qaw69lgtGqWwakWz5d9e1YAzl7hV9_FT6Pgz2nmVqZHztCJVTWY0f8covf7u7fJYzKdPzxNxtNEMyliYqkshKiENVWhWaaU1YQzXhWMVkSmxOaGaC01sdqYjFkpMkGozCRJc1LkjA_Rxd53G_xXZyCWa9-Ftn9ZsjxlKRcypT11uad08ADB2HIbXKPCd0lJuYu7PIib_wJS53Q1</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2642438941</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Assessment of Natural Radionuclide Distribution Pattern and Radiological Risk from Rocks in Precambrian Oban Massif, Southeastern Nigeria</title><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>E. Ekpe, Ekpenyong ; Ben, Ubong C. ; Ekwok, Stephen E. ; Ebong, Ebong D. ; Akpan, Anthony E. ; Eldosouky, Ahmed M. ; Abdelrahman, Kamal ; Gómez-Ortiz, David</creator><creatorcontrib>E. Ekpe, Ekpenyong ; Ben, Ubong C. ; Ekwok, Stephen E. ; Ebong, Ebong D. ; Akpan, Anthony E. ; Eldosouky, Ahmed M. ; Abdelrahman, Kamal ; Gómez-Ortiz, David</creatorcontrib><description>A gamma spectrometric analysis of rock samples collected from the Precambrian Oban Massif, southeastern Nigeria, was performed to determine some primordial radioelements’ activity concentrations: U-238, Th-232, and K-40, and their associated radiological hazards. The mean activity of the primordial radionuclides was determined to be 1073.06 ± 0.65, 160.74 ± 1.32, and 250.76 ± 0.91 Bq·kg−1 for 40K, 238U, and 232Th, respectively, showing that they are inhomogeneously distributed, with activity changing with the rock type and location. The activity concentrations are highest in biotite garnet schist, quartz diorite, and biotite gneiss rock domains. The mean values of the radiological hazards are 0.08 Bq·kg−1 (alpha index), 2.15 Bq·kg−1(gamma index), 2.06 Bq·kg−1(internal) and 1.63 Bq·kg−1 (external4.30 Bq·kg−1(representative level index6), 602.23 Bq·kg−1, (radium equivalent), 780 nGy·h−1 (total absorbed dose rate), 270.91 nGy·h−1 (indoor), 509.78 nGy·h−1 (outdoor), 624.99, 1329.07 and 1954.06 mSv·yr−1 (outdoor, indoor and total annual effective dose equivalent, respectively), 6448.40 (cumulative excess lifetime cancer risk) and 248.94–3761.47 Bq·kg−1 (annual gonadal dose equivalent). These results are higher than their various permissible limits (except at Ako Community) and suggest that rocks in the area may be unsuitable for constructing dwelling places. It is strongly advised that basic safety standards and precautionary measures recommended by the European Commission should be strictly adhered to while dealing with these rocks.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2075-163X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2075-163X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/min12030312</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Aggregates ; Biotite ; Civil engineering ; Composite materials ; Construction ; Diorite ; Dosage ; Equivalence ; Gamma rays ; Garnet ; Geology ; Gneiss ; Hazards ; Health risks ; Massifs ; Potassium ; Precambrian ; Radiation ; Radioisotopes ; Radionuclide kinetics ; Radium ; Rock ; Rocks ; Schist ; Schists ; Sediment samples ; Spectrometry</subject><ispartof>Minerals (Basel), 2022-03, Vol.12 (3), p.312</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c298t-f19788d8fed7c25aafc0323d721d0940f6e0cc9c0fcee52f98580195904607623</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c298t-f19788d8fed7c25aafc0323d721d0940f6e0cc9c0fcee52f98580195904607623</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1928-9775 ; 0000-0002-5744-3887 ; 0000-0003-2528-310X ; 0000-0002-9473-6769</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>E. Ekpe, Ekpenyong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ben, Ubong C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ekwok, Stephen E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebong, Ebong D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Akpan, Anthony E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eldosouky, Ahmed M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdelrahman, Kamal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gómez-Ortiz, David</creatorcontrib><title>Assessment of Natural Radionuclide Distribution Pattern and Radiological Risk from Rocks in Precambrian Oban Massif, Southeastern Nigeria</title><title>Minerals (Basel)</title><description>A gamma spectrometric analysis of rock samples collected from the Precambrian Oban Massif, southeastern Nigeria, was performed to determine some primordial radioelements’ activity concentrations: U-238, Th-232, and K-40, and their associated radiological hazards. The mean activity of the primordial radionuclides was determined to be 1073.06 ± 0.65, 160.74 ± 1.32, and 250.76 ± 0.91 Bq·kg−1 for 40K, 238U, and 232Th, respectively, showing that they are inhomogeneously distributed, with activity changing with the rock type and location. The activity concentrations are highest in biotite garnet schist, quartz diorite, and biotite gneiss rock domains. The mean values of the radiological hazards are 0.08 Bq·kg−1 (alpha index), 2.15 Bq·kg−1(gamma index), 2.06 Bq·kg−1(internal) and 1.63 Bq·kg−1 (external4.30 Bq·kg−1(representative level index6), 602.23 Bq·kg−1, (radium equivalent), 780 nGy·h−1 (total absorbed dose rate), 270.91 nGy·h−1 (indoor), 509.78 nGy·h−1 (outdoor), 624.99, 1329.07 and 1954.06 mSv·yr−1 (outdoor, indoor and total annual effective dose equivalent, respectively), 6448.40 (cumulative excess lifetime cancer risk) and 248.94–3761.47 Bq·kg−1 (annual gonadal dose equivalent). These results are higher than their various permissible limits (except at Ako Community) and suggest that rocks in the area may be unsuitable for constructing dwelling places. It is strongly advised that basic safety standards and precautionary measures recommended by the European Commission should be strictly adhered to while dealing with these rocks.</description><subject>Aggregates</subject><subject>Biotite</subject><subject>Civil engineering</subject><subject>Composite materials</subject><subject>Construction</subject><subject>Diorite</subject><subject>Dosage</subject><subject>Equivalence</subject><subject>Gamma rays</subject><subject>Garnet</subject><subject>Geology</subject><subject>Gneiss</subject><subject>Hazards</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Massifs</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Precambrian</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Radioisotopes</subject><subject>Radionuclide kinetics</subject><subject>Radium</subject><subject>Rock</subject><subject>Rocks</subject><subject>Schist</subject><subject>Schists</subject><subject>Sediment samples</subject><subject>Spectrometry</subject><issn>2075-163X</issn><issn>2075-163X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkMtOwzAQRS0EElXpih-wxBICfuRhL6vylEqLCkjsItexi9skLh5nwSfw16SURWcxczU6c0e6CJ1Tcs25JDeNaykjnHDKjtCAkSJLaM4_jg_0KRoBrElfknKRsQH6GQMYgMa0EXuLZyp2QdV4oSrn207XrjL41kEMbtnFfoVfVIwmtFi11Z6q_crp3YmDDbbBN3jh9Qaw69lgtGqWwakWz5d9e1YAzl7hV9_FT6Pgz2nmVqZHztCJVTWY0f8covf7u7fJYzKdPzxNxtNEMyliYqkshKiENVWhWaaU1YQzXhWMVkSmxOaGaC01sdqYjFkpMkGozCRJc1LkjA_Rxd53G_xXZyCWa9-Ftn9ZsjxlKRcypT11uad08ADB2HIbXKPCd0lJuYu7PIib_wJS53Q1</recordid><startdate>20220301</startdate><enddate>20220301</enddate><creator>E. Ekpe, Ekpenyong</creator><creator>Ben, Ubong C.</creator><creator>Ekwok, Stephen E.</creator><creator>Ebong, Ebong D.</creator><creator>Akpan, Anthony E.</creator><creator>Eldosouky, Ahmed M.</creator><creator>Abdelrahman, Kamal</creator><creator>Gómez-Ortiz, David</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-9775</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-3887</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2528-310X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9473-6769</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220301</creationdate><title>Assessment of Natural Radionuclide Distribution Pattern and Radiological Risk from Rocks in Precambrian Oban Massif, Southeastern Nigeria</title><author>E. Ekpe, Ekpenyong ; Ben, Ubong C. ; Ekwok, Stephen E. ; Ebong, Ebong D. ; Akpan, Anthony E. ; Eldosouky, Ahmed M. ; Abdelrahman, Kamal ; Gómez-Ortiz, David</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c298t-f19788d8fed7c25aafc0323d721d0940f6e0cc9c0fcee52f98580195904607623</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Aggregates</topic><topic>Biotite</topic><topic>Civil engineering</topic><topic>Composite materials</topic><topic>Construction</topic><topic>Diorite</topic><topic>Dosage</topic><topic>Equivalence</topic><topic>Gamma rays</topic><topic>Garnet</topic><topic>Geology</topic><topic>Gneiss</topic><topic>Hazards</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Massifs</topic><topic>Potassium</topic><topic>Precambrian</topic><topic>Radiation</topic><topic>Radioisotopes</topic><topic>Radionuclide kinetics</topic><topic>Radium</topic><topic>Rock</topic><topic>Rocks</topic><topic>Schist</topic><topic>Schists</topic><topic>Sediment samples</topic><topic>Spectrometry</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>E. Ekpe, Ekpenyong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ben, Ubong C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ekwok, Stephen E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebong, Ebong D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Akpan, Anthony E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eldosouky, Ahmed M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdelrahman, Kamal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gómez-Ortiz, David</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Minerals (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>E. Ekpe, Ekpenyong</au><au>Ben, Ubong C.</au><au>Ekwok, Stephen E.</au><au>Ebong, Ebong D.</au><au>Akpan, Anthony E.</au><au>Eldosouky, Ahmed M.</au><au>Abdelrahman, Kamal</au><au>Gómez-Ortiz, David</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Assessment of Natural Radionuclide Distribution Pattern and Radiological Risk from Rocks in Precambrian Oban Massif, Southeastern Nigeria</atitle><jtitle>Minerals (Basel)</jtitle><date>2022-03-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>312</spage><pages>312-</pages><issn>2075-163X</issn><eissn>2075-163X</eissn><abstract>A gamma spectrometric analysis of rock samples collected from the Precambrian Oban Massif, southeastern Nigeria, was performed to determine some primordial radioelements’ activity concentrations: U-238, Th-232, and K-40, and their associated radiological hazards. The mean activity of the primordial radionuclides was determined to be 1073.06 ± 0.65, 160.74 ± 1.32, and 250.76 ± 0.91 Bq·kg−1 for 40K, 238U, and 232Th, respectively, showing that they are inhomogeneously distributed, with activity changing with the rock type and location. The activity concentrations are highest in biotite garnet schist, quartz diorite, and biotite gneiss rock domains. The mean values of the radiological hazards are 0.08 Bq·kg−1 (alpha index), 2.15 Bq·kg−1(gamma index), 2.06 Bq·kg−1(internal) and 1.63 Bq·kg−1 (external4.30 Bq·kg−1(representative level index6), 602.23 Bq·kg−1, (radium equivalent), 780 nGy·h−1 (total absorbed dose rate), 270.91 nGy·h−1 (indoor), 509.78 nGy·h−1 (outdoor), 624.99, 1329.07 and 1954.06 mSv·yr−1 (outdoor, indoor and total annual effective dose equivalent, respectively), 6448.40 (cumulative excess lifetime cancer risk) and 248.94–3761.47 Bq·kg−1 (annual gonadal dose equivalent). These results are higher than their various permissible limits (except at Ako Community) and suggest that rocks in the area may be unsuitable for constructing dwelling places. It is strongly advised that basic safety standards and precautionary measures recommended by the European Commission should be strictly adhered to while dealing with these rocks.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/min12030312</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-9775</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-3887</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2528-310X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9473-6769</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 2075-163X |
| ispartof | Minerals (Basel), 2022-03, Vol.12 (3), p.312 |
| issn | 2075-163X 2075-163X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2642438941 |
| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Aggregates Biotite Civil engineering Composite materials Construction Diorite Dosage Equivalence Gamma rays Garnet Geology Gneiss Hazards Health risks Massifs Potassium Precambrian Radiation Radioisotopes Radionuclide kinetics Radium Rock Rocks Schist Schists Sediment samples Spectrometry |
| title | Assessment of Natural Radionuclide Distribution Pattern and Radiological Risk from Rocks in Precambrian Oban Massif, Southeastern Nigeria |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-03T10%3A13%3A52IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assessment%20of%20Natural%20Radionuclide%20Distribution%20Pattern%20and%20Radiological%20Risk%20from%20Rocks%20in%20Precambrian%20Oban%20Massif,%20Southeastern%20Nigeria&rft.jtitle=Minerals%20(Basel)&rft.au=E.%20Ekpe,%20Ekpenyong&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=312&rft.pages=312-&rft.issn=2075-163X&rft.eissn=2075-163X&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/min12030312&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E2642438941%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2642438941&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true |