Continuous measurements of air change rates in an occupied house for 1 year: The effect of temperature, wind, fans, and windows
A year-long investigation of air change rates in an occupied house was undertaken to establish the effects of temperature, wind velocity, use of exhaust fans, and window-opening behavior. Air change rates were calculated by periodically injecting a tracer gas (SF 6 ) into the return air duct and mea...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology 2002-07, Vol.12 (4), p.296-306 |
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| creator | WALLACE, L A EMMERICH, S J HOWARD-REED, C |
| description | A year-long investigation of air change rates in an occupied house was undertaken to establish the effects of temperature, wind velocity, use of exhaust fans, and window-opening behavior. Air change rates were calculated by periodically injecting a tracer gas (SF
6
) into the return air duct and measuring the concentration in 10 indoor locations sequentially every minute by a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Temperatures were also measured outdoors and in the 10 indoor locations. Relative humidity (RH) was measured outdoors and in five indoor locations every 5 min. Wind speed and direction in the horizontal plane were measured using a portable meteorological station mounted on the rooftop. Use of the thermostat-controlled attic fan was recorded automatically. Indoor temperatures increased from 21°C in winter to 27°C in summer. Indoor RH increased from 20% to 70% in the same time period. Windows were open only a few percent of the time in winter but more than half the time in summer. About 4600 hour-long average air change rates were calculated from the measured tracer gas decay rates. The mean (SD) rate was 0.65 (0.56) h
−1
. Tracer gas decay rates in different rooms were very similar, ranging only from 0.62 to 0.67 h
−1
, suggesting that conditions were well mixed throughout the year. The strongest influence on air change rates was opening windows, which could increase the rate to as much as 2 h
−1
for extended periods, and up to 3 h
−1
for short periods of a few hours. The use of the attic fan also increased air change rates by amounts up to 1 h
−1
. Use of the furnace fan had no effect on air change rates. Although a clear effect of indoor–outdoor temperature difference could be discerned, its magnitude was relatively small, with a very large temperature difference of 30°C (54°F) accounting for an increase in the air change rate of about 0.6 h
−1
. Wind speed and direction were found to have very little influence on air change rates at this house. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/sj.jea.7500229 |
| format | Article |
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6
) into the return air duct and measuring the concentration in 10 indoor locations sequentially every minute by a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Temperatures were also measured outdoors and in the 10 indoor locations. Relative humidity (RH) was measured outdoors and in five indoor locations every 5 min. Wind speed and direction in the horizontal plane were measured using a portable meteorological station mounted on the rooftop. Use of the thermostat-controlled attic fan was recorded automatically. Indoor temperatures increased from 21°C in winter to 27°C in summer. Indoor RH increased from 20% to 70% in the same time period. Windows were open only a few percent of the time in winter but more than half the time in summer. About 4600 hour-long average air change rates were calculated from the measured tracer gas decay rates. The mean (SD) rate was 0.65 (0.56) h
−1
. Tracer gas decay rates in different rooms were very similar, ranging only from 0.62 to 0.67 h
−1
, suggesting that conditions were well mixed throughout the year. The strongest influence on air change rates was opening windows, which could increase the rate to as much as 2 h
−1
for extended periods, and up to 3 h
−1
for short periods of a few hours. The use of the attic fan also increased air change rates by amounts up to 1 h
−1
. Use of the furnace fan had no effect on air change rates. Although a clear effect of indoor–outdoor temperature difference could be discerned, its magnitude was relatively small, with a very large temperature difference of 30°C (54°F) accounting for an increase in the air change rate of about 0.6 h
−1
. Wind speed and direction were found to have very little influence on air change rates at this house.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1559-0631</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1053-4245</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1559-064X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500229</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12087436</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Nature Publishing Group US</publisher><subject>Air Movements ; Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis ; Air temperature ; Beta decay ; Decay ; Decay rate ; Electron capture detectors ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Monitoring ; Epidemiology ; Gas chromatography ; Gases ; Housing ; Humans ; Humidity ; Indoor air pollution ; Indoor air quality ; Indoor environments ; Mathematical analysis ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; original-article ; Reference Values ; Relative humidity ; Summer ; Temperature ; Temperature effects ; Temperature gradients ; Tracer gas ; Ventilation ; Weather stations ; Wind ; Wind effects ; Wind speed ; Windows (intervals) ; Winter</subject><ispartof>Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology, 2002-07, Vol.12 (4), p.296-306</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature America, Inc. 2002</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2002 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 2002</rights><rights>Nature Publishing Group 2002.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c493t-9fafba489c7adde04dd55b014af77531d84e1bf3e296cd1124d3b10004927b363</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c493t-9fafba489c7adde04dd55b014af77531d84e1bf3e296cd1124d3b10004927b363</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/sj.jea.7500229$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500229$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12087436$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>WALLACE, L A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>EMMERICH, S J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HOWARD-REED, C</creatorcontrib><title>Continuous measurements of air change rates in an occupied house for 1 year: The effect of temperature, wind, fans, and windows</title><title>Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology</title><addtitle>J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol</addtitle><addtitle>J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol</addtitle><description>A year-long investigation of air change rates in an occupied house was undertaken to establish the effects of temperature, wind velocity, use of exhaust fans, and window-opening behavior. Air change rates were calculated by periodically injecting a tracer gas (SF
6
) into the return air duct and measuring the concentration in 10 indoor locations sequentially every minute by a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Temperatures were also measured outdoors and in the 10 indoor locations. Relative humidity (RH) was measured outdoors and in five indoor locations every 5 min. Wind speed and direction in the horizontal plane were measured using a portable meteorological station mounted on the rooftop. Use of the thermostat-controlled attic fan was recorded automatically. Indoor temperatures increased from 21°C in winter to 27°C in summer. Indoor RH increased from 20% to 70% in the same time period. Windows were open only a few percent of the time in winter but more than half the time in summer. About 4600 hour-long average air change rates were calculated from the measured tracer gas decay rates. The mean (SD) rate was 0.65 (0.56) h
−1
. Tracer gas decay rates in different rooms were very similar, ranging only from 0.62 to 0.67 h
−1
, suggesting that conditions were well mixed throughout the year. The strongest influence on air change rates was opening windows, which could increase the rate to as much as 2 h
−1
for extended periods, and up to 3 h
−1
for short periods of a few hours. The use of the attic fan also increased air change rates by amounts up to 1 h
−1
. Use of the furnace fan had no effect on air change rates. Although a clear effect of indoor–outdoor temperature difference could be discerned, its magnitude was relatively small, with a very large temperature difference of 30°C (54°F) accounting for an increase in the air change rate of about 0.6 h
−1
. Wind speed and direction were found to have very little influence on air change rates at this house.</description><subject>Air Movements</subject><subject>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</subject><subject>Air temperature</subject><subject>Beta decay</subject><subject>Decay</subject><subject>Decay rate</subject><subject>Electron capture detectors</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>Gases</subject><subject>Housing</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Humidity</subject><subject>Indoor air pollution</subject><subject>Indoor air quality</subject><subject>Indoor environments</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>original-article</subject><subject>Reference Values</subject><subject>Relative humidity</subject><subject>Summer</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Temperature effects</subject><subject>Temperature gradients</subject><subject>Tracer gas</subject><subject>Ventilation</subject><subject>Weather stations</subject><subject>Wind</subject><subject>Wind effects</subject><subject>Wind speed</subject><subject>Windows (intervals)</subject><subject>Winter</subject><issn>1559-0631</issn><issn>1053-4245</issn><issn>1559-064X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2002</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc1vEzEQxVcIRD_gyhFZcE1Sjz92Y25VRAGpEpcicbO89rjxqmsHe1dVT_3XcWhELq18sD1-7-cZvab5AHQFlK8vyrAa0Kw6SSlj6lVzClKqJW3F79f_zxxOmrNSBkqF6Fr6tjkBRted4O1p87hJcQpxTnMhI5oyZxwxToUkT0zIxG5NvEWSzYSFhEhMJMnaeRfQkW01IfEpEyAPaPIXcrNFgt6jnfb-CccdVmdlLsh9iG5BvIllUSHu3z3dl3fNG2_uCr4_7OfNr6uvN5vvy-uf335sLq-XVig-LZU3vjdirWxnnEMqnJOypyCM7zrJwa0FQu85MtVaB8CE4z3QOrFiXc9bft58fuLucvozY5n0kOYc65eatYK2IAVjVfXpRRUoqToJ8oi6NXeoQ_RpysaOoVh9CQoYY5LvUatnVHU5HINNEX2o9ecMNqdSMnq9y2E0-UED1fusdRl0zVofsq6Gj4dm535Ed5Qfwq2CiydBqU81xXyc5gXkX-pUs0M</recordid><startdate>20020701</startdate><enddate>20020701</enddate><creator>WALLACE, L A</creator><creator>EMMERICH, S J</creator><creator>HOWARD-REED, C</creator><general>Nature Publishing 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Epidemiol</addtitle><date>2002-07-01</date><risdate>2002</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>296</spage><epage>306</epage><pages>296-306</pages><issn>1559-0631</issn><issn>1053-4245</issn><eissn>1559-064X</eissn><abstract>A year-long investigation of air change rates in an occupied house was undertaken to establish the effects of temperature, wind velocity, use of exhaust fans, and window-opening behavior. Air change rates were calculated by periodically injecting a tracer gas (SF
6
) into the return air duct and measuring the concentration in 10 indoor locations sequentially every minute by a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Temperatures were also measured outdoors and in the 10 indoor locations. Relative humidity (RH) was measured outdoors and in five indoor locations every 5 min. Wind speed and direction in the horizontal plane were measured using a portable meteorological station mounted on the rooftop. Use of the thermostat-controlled attic fan was recorded automatically. Indoor temperatures increased from 21°C in winter to 27°C in summer. Indoor RH increased from 20% to 70% in the same time period. Windows were open only a few percent of the time in winter but more than half the time in summer. About 4600 hour-long average air change rates were calculated from the measured tracer gas decay rates. The mean (SD) rate was 0.65 (0.56) h
−1
. Tracer gas decay rates in different rooms were very similar, ranging only from 0.62 to 0.67 h
−1
, suggesting that conditions were well mixed throughout the year. The strongest influence on air change rates was opening windows, which could increase the rate to as much as 2 h
−1
for extended periods, and up to 3 h
−1
for short periods of a few hours. The use of the attic fan also increased air change rates by amounts up to 1 h
−1
. Use of the furnace fan had no effect on air change rates. Although a clear effect of indoor–outdoor temperature difference could be discerned, its magnitude was relatively small, with a very large temperature difference of 30°C (54°F) accounting for an increase in the air change rate of about 0.6 h
−1
. Wind speed and direction were found to have very little influence on air change rates at this house.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group US</pub><pmid>12087436</pmid><doi>10.1038/sj.jea.7500229</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1559-0631 |
| ispartof | Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology, 2002-07, Vol.12 (4), p.296-306 |
| issn | 1559-0631 1053-4245 1559-064X |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Air Movements Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Air temperature Beta decay Decay Decay rate Electron capture detectors Environmental Exposure Environmental Monitoring Epidemiology Gas chromatography Gases Housing Humans Humidity Indoor air pollution Indoor air quality Indoor environments Mathematical analysis Medicine Medicine & Public Health original-article Reference Values Relative humidity Summer Temperature Temperature effects Temperature gradients Tracer gas Ventilation Weather stations Wind Wind effects Wind speed Windows (intervals) Winter |
| title | Continuous measurements of air change rates in an occupied house for 1 year: The effect of temperature, wind, fans, and windows |
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