Drag Coefficient of Submerged Flexible Vegetation Patches in Gravel Bed Rivers
Vegetation patches and strips either along riverbanks or in channel beds are essential for the protection of erosion and sedimentation processes. In the present study, the drag coefficient Cdv of submerged flexible vegetation patches in gravel bed rivers was investigated. A total of 13 vegetation pa...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water (Basel) 2022-03, Vol.14 (5), p.743 |
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| creator | Nosrati, Kourosh Afzalimehr, Hossein Sui, Jueyi |
| description | Vegetation patches and strips either along riverbanks or in channel beds are essential for the protection of erosion and sedimentation processes. In the present study, the drag coefficient Cdv of submerged flexible vegetation patches in gravel bed rivers was investigated. A total of 13 vegetation patches with different densities were studied in disparate reaches of the Padena Marbor and Beheshtabad gravel bed rivers in Iran. Water depths, flow velocities, and particle grain sizes around these vegetation patches were collected. The Saint-Venant equation and various empirical equations for estimating the drag coefficient were applied to study hydrodynamics in the presence of vegetation patches under nonuniform flow conditions. Furthermore, the drag coefficient factor of flexible vegetation was used to represent the flexibility of vegetation patches and drag characteristics, which were explored from the perspective of material mechanics. The results showed that the calculated values of Cdv exhibited nonuniform variations with the increase in the Reynolds number along the streamwise direction due to flow nonuniformity. Two effects caused by flexible vegetation patches were observed, namely, the sheltering effect (for Red>580) and blockage effect (for Red |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w14050743 |
| format | Article |
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In the present study, the drag coefficient Cdv of submerged flexible vegetation patches in gravel bed rivers was investigated. A total of 13 vegetation patches with different densities were studied in disparate reaches of the Padena Marbor and Beheshtabad gravel bed rivers in Iran. Water depths, flow velocities, and particle grain sizes around these vegetation patches were collected. The Saint-Venant equation and various empirical equations for estimating the drag coefficient were applied to study hydrodynamics in the presence of vegetation patches under nonuniform flow conditions. Furthermore, the drag coefficient factor of flexible vegetation was used to represent the flexibility of vegetation patches and drag characteristics, which were explored from the perspective of material mechanics. The results showed that the calculated values of Cdv exhibited nonuniform variations with the increase in the Reynolds number along the streamwise direction due to flow nonuniformity. Two effects caused by flexible vegetation patches were observed, namely, the sheltering effect (for Red>580) and blockage effect (for Red<450). In most of the vegetated patches, the sheltering effect was dominant, which reduced the drag coefficient. Finally, a fitting formula was proposed based on the drag coefficient factor and Cauchy number.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w14050743</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Creeks & streams ; Deformation ; Drag coefficients ; Drag reduction ; Empirical equations ; Flexibility ; Flow velocity ; Fluid flow ; Grain size ; Gravel ; Gravel beds ; Hydrodynamics ; Laboratories ; Laws, regulations and rules ; Morphology ; Nonuniform flow ; Nonuniformity ; Reynolds number ; River banks ; River beds ; Rivers ; Shear stress ; Vegetation ; Water depth</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2022-03, Vol.14 (5), p.743</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c261t-edd98a48801ac6a417d5e4a329673aced6ea65e585f266dfada7c29c5b0323c93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c261t-edd98a48801ac6a417d5e4a329673aced6ea65e585f266dfada7c29c5b0323c93</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Nosrati, Kourosh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Afzalimehr, Hossein</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sui, Jueyi</creatorcontrib><title>Drag Coefficient of Submerged Flexible Vegetation Patches in Gravel Bed Rivers</title><title>Water (Basel)</title><description>Vegetation patches and strips either along riverbanks or in channel beds are essential for the protection of erosion and sedimentation processes. In the present study, the drag coefficient Cdv of submerged flexible vegetation patches in gravel bed rivers was investigated. A total of 13 vegetation patches with different densities were studied in disparate reaches of the Padena Marbor and Beheshtabad gravel bed rivers in Iran. Water depths, flow velocities, and particle grain sizes around these vegetation patches were collected. The Saint-Venant equation and various empirical equations for estimating the drag coefficient were applied to study hydrodynamics in the presence of vegetation patches under nonuniform flow conditions. Furthermore, the drag coefficient factor of flexible vegetation was used to represent the flexibility of vegetation patches and drag characteristics, which were explored from the perspective of material mechanics. The results showed that the calculated values of Cdv exhibited nonuniform variations with the increase in the Reynolds number along the streamwise direction due to flow nonuniformity. Two effects caused by flexible vegetation patches were observed, namely, the sheltering effect (for Red>580) and blockage effect (for Red<450). In most of the vegetated patches, the sheltering effect was dominant, which reduced the drag coefficient. Finally, a fitting formula was proposed based on the drag coefficient factor and Cauchy number.</description><subject>Creeks & streams</subject><subject>Deformation</subject><subject>Drag coefficients</subject><subject>Drag reduction</subject><subject>Empirical equations</subject><subject>Flexibility</subject><subject>Flow velocity</subject><subject>Fluid flow</subject><subject>Grain size</subject><subject>Gravel</subject><subject>Gravel beds</subject><subject>Hydrodynamics</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Laws, regulations and rules</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Nonuniform flow</subject><subject>Nonuniformity</subject><subject>Reynolds number</subject><subject>River banks</subject><subject>River beds</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Shear stress</subject><subject>Vegetation</subject><subject>Water depth</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkE9PwzAMxSMEEtPYgW8QiROHjqRJk_Y4BhtIEyD-XSsvcUqmrhlpN-DbUzSEsA-2rN97lh4hp5yNhSjYxQeXLGNaigMySJkWiZSSH_7bj8mobVesL1nkecYG5O4qQkWnAZ3zxmPT0eDo03a5xlihpbMaP_2yRvqKFXbQ-dDQB-jMG7bUN3QeYYc1vezJR7_D2J6QIwd1i6PfOSQvs-vn6U2yuJ_fTieLxKSKdwlaW-Qg85xxMAok1zZDCSItlBZg0CoElWGWZy5VyjqwoE1amGzJRCpMIYbkbO-7ieF9i21XrsI2Nv3LMlVC61wrzntqvKcqqLH0jQtdBNO3xbU3oUHn-_tEF1xIJXrhkJzvBSaGto3oyk30a4hfJWflT8TlX8TiGwNTbFs</recordid><startdate>20220301</startdate><enddate>20220301</enddate><creator>Nosrati, Kourosh</creator><creator>Afzalimehr, Hossein</creator><creator>Sui, Jueyi</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20220301</creationdate><title>Drag Coefficient of Submerged Flexible Vegetation Patches in Gravel Bed Rivers</title><author>Nosrati, Kourosh ; Afzalimehr, Hossein ; Sui, Jueyi</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c261t-edd98a48801ac6a417d5e4a329673aced6ea65e585f266dfada7c29c5b0323c93</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Creeks & streams</topic><topic>Deformation</topic><topic>Drag coefficients</topic><topic>Drag reduction</topic><topic>Empirical equations</topic><topic>Flexibility</topic><topic>Flow velocity</topic><topic>Fluid flow</topic><topic>Grain size</topic><topic>Gravel</topic><topic>Gravel beds</topic><topic>Hydrodynamics</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Laws, regulations and rules</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Nonuniform flow</topic><topic>Nonuniformity</topic><topic>Reynolds number</topic><topic>River banks</topic><topic>River beds</topic><topic>Rivers</topic><topic>Shear stress</topic><topic>Vegetation</topic><topic>Water depth</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Nosrati, Kourosh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Afzalimehr, Hossein</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sui, Jueyi</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Nosrati, Kourosh</au><au>Afzalimehr, Hossein</au><au>Sui, Jueyi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Drag Coefficient of Submerged Flexible Vegetation Patches in Gravel Bed Rivers</atitle><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle><date>2022-03-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>743</spage><pages>743-</pages><issn>2073-4441</issn><eissn>2073-4441</eissn><abstract>Vegetation patches and strips either along riverbanks or in channel beds are essential for the protection of erosion and sedimentation processes. In the present study, the drag coefficient Cdv of submerged flexible vegetation patches in gravel bed rivers was investigated. A total of 13 vegetation patches with different densities were studied in disparate reaches of the Padena Marbor and Beheshtabad gravel bed rivers in Iran. Water depths, flow velocities, and particle grain sizes around these vegetation patches were collected. The Saint-Venant equation and various empirical equations for estimating the drag coefficient were applied to study hydrodynamics in the presence of vegetation patches under nonuniform flow conditions. Furthermore, the drag coefficient factor of flexible vegetation was used to represent the flexibility of vegetation patches and drag characteristics, which were explored from the perspective of material mechanics. The results showed that the calculated values of Cdv exhibited nonuniform variations with the increase in the Reynolds number along the streamwise direction due to flow nonuniformity. Two effects caused by flexible vegetation patches were observed, namely, the sheltering effect (for Red>580) and blockage effect (for Red<450). In most of the vegetated patches, the sheltering effect was dominant, which reduced the drag coefficient. Finally, a fitting formula was proposed based on the drag coefficient factor and Cauchy number.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/w14050743</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| subjects | Creeks & streams Deformation Drag coefficients Drag reduction Empirical equations Flexibility Flow velocity Fluid flow Grain size Gravel Gravel beds Hydrodynamics Laboratories Laws, regulations and rules Morphology Nonuniform flow Nonuniformity Reynolds number River banks River beds Rivers Shear stress Vegetation Water depth |
| title | Drag Coefficient of Submerged Flexible Vegetation Patches in Gravel Bed Rivers |
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