Concentration, Sources, and Associated Risks of Trace Elements in the Surface Soil of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Trace elements occur naturally in rocks and soils, but increasingly higher quantities of elements are being released into the environment by anthropogenic activities. In particular, urban soils are marked with elevated levels of trace elements due to vehicular emissions, industrial disposals, urban...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Water, air, and soil pollution air, and soil pollution, 2022-02, Vol.233 (2), Article 46 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | |
| container_title | Water, air, and soil pollution |
| container_volume | 233 |
| creator | Kafle, Hemu Kharel Khadgi, Jasmita Ojha, Roshan Babu Santoso, Muhayatun |
| description | Trace elements occur naturally in rocks and soils, but increasingly higher quantities of elements are being released into the environment by anthropogenic activities. In particular, urban soils are marked with elevated levels of trace elements due to vehicular emissions, industrial disposals, urban waste, chemical fertilizers, and construction materials. This study reports the concentration of twenty elements including highly toxic heavy metals (Mg, Al, P, Ca, Fe, K, Si, Na, S, Ti, V, Se, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, As, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in the surface soil (0–20 cm) of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Three soil pollution indices (geo-accumulation index, single pollution index, and enrichment factor) were employed to determine the severity of trace element contamination. Our results suggested that the studied sites are under strong to moderate contamination in the order of Cd > As > Pb > Zn > Cr > Mn > Ni > Cu. We observed a high concentration of Pb, Zn, As, and Cd in the surface soil of the Kathmandu Valley mainly due to anthropogenic activities. The concentration of As and Cd was found several times higher than the global average background value and a deficient amount of P, S, and Mn was observed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11270-021-05444-1 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2623629823</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A691070926</galeid><sourcerecordid>A691070926</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-a381t-de3d481b10791a0adc6c205081ea0e0873c13133cc13968c145850b85c8f2bb23</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kU1vEzEQhi1EJULpH-BkiWu2nbH3wz5GUSmoFUik7dVyvLOty64d7M2h_x6HReKGfRhp9D7z9TL2EeESAbqrjCg6qEBgBU1d1xW-YStsOlkJLcVbtgKoddXqTr9j73N-gfK06lZs2sbgKMzJzj6GNd_FY3KU19yGnm9yjs7bmXr-w-efmceB3yfriF-PNBUqcx_4_Ex8d0zDKb-Lfjypbu38PJUSR_5ox5Fe1_wbHez4gZ0Ndsx08Tees4fP1_fbL9Xd95uv281dZaXCuepJ9rXCPUKn0YLtXesENKCQLBCoTjqUKKUrQbfKYd2oBvaqcWoQ-72Q5-zTUveQ4q8j5dm8lL1CaWlEK2QrtBKyqC4X1ZMdyfgwxHIGV35Pk3cx0OBLftPqMgdo0RZALIBLMedEgzkkP9n0ahDMyQez-GCKD-aPDwYLJBcoF3F4ovRvlv9QvwE8uok5</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2623629823</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Concentration, Sources, and Associated Risks of Trace Elements in the Surface Soil of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal</title><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Kafle, Hemu Kharel ; Khadgi, Jasmita ; Ojha, Roshan Babu ; Santoso, Muhayatun</creator><creatorcontrib>Kafle, Hemu Kharel ; Khadgi, Jasmita ; Ojha, Roshan Babu ; Santoso, Muhayatun</creatorcontrib><description>Trace elements occur naturally in rocks and soils, but increasingly higher quantities of elements are being released into the environment by anthropogenic activities. In particular, urban soils are marked with elevated levels of trace elements due to vehicular emissions, industrial disposals, urban waste, chemical fertilizers, and construction materials. This study reports the concentration of twenty elements including highly toxic heavy metals (Mg, Al, P, Ca, Fe, K, Si, Na, S, Ti, V, Se, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, As, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in the surface soil (0–20 cm) of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Three soil pollution indices (geo-accumulation index, single pollution index, and enrichment factor) were employed to determine the severity of trace element contamination. Our results suggested that the studied sites are under strong to moderate contamination in the order of Cd > As > Pb > Zn > Cr > Mn > Ni > Cu. We observed a high concentration of Pb, Zn, As, and Cd in the surface soil of the Kathmandu Valley mainly due to anthropogenic activities. The concentration of As and Cd was found several times higher than the global average background value and a deficient amount of P, S, and Mn was observed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0049-6979</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2932</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11270-021-05444-1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Agrochemicals ; Aluminum ; Anthropogenic factors ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Building materials ; Cadmium ; Calcium ; Chemical fertilizers ; Chromium ; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts ; Construction materials ; Contamination ; Copper ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental monitoring ; Fertilizers ; Heavy metals ; Hydrogeology ; Iron ; Lead ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Metals ; Municipal waste management ; Nickel ; Pollution index ; Refuse and refuse disposal ; Selenium ; Silicon ; Soil ; Soil contamination ; Soil pollution ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Soil surfaces ; Titanium ; Trace elements ; Valleys ; Vehicle emissions ; Water Quality/Water Pollution ; Zinc</subject><ispartof>Water, air, and soil pollution, 2022-02, Vol.233 (2), Article 46</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Springer</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a381t-de3d481b10791a0adc6c205081ea0e0873c13133cc13968c145850b85c8f2bb23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a381t-de3d481b10791a0adc6c205081ea0e0873c13133cc13968c145850b85c8f2bb23</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3981-0417</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-021-05444-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11270-021-05444-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kafle, Hemu Kharel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khadgi, Jasmita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ojha, Roshan Babu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santoso, Muhayatun</creatorcontrib><title>Concentration, Sources, and Associated Risks of Trace Elements in the Surface Soil of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal</title><title>Water, air, and soil pollution</title><addtitle>Water Air Soil Pollut</addtitle><description>Trace elements occur naturally in rocks and soils, but increasingly higher quantities of elements are being released into the environment by anthropogenic activities. In particular, urban soils are marked with elevated levels of trace elements due to vehicular emissions, industrial disposals, urban waste, chemical fertilizers, and construction materials. This study reports the concentration of twenty elements including highly toxic heavy metals (Mg, Al, P, Ca, Fe, K, Si, Na, S, Ti, V, Se, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, As, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in the surface soil (0–20 cm) of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Three soil pollution indices (geo-accumulation index, single pollution index, and enrichment factor) were employed to determine the severity of trace element contamination. Our results suggested that the studied sites are under strong to moderate contamination in the order of Cd > As > Pb > Zn > Cr > Mn > Ni > Cu. We observed a high concentration of Pb, Zn, As, and Cd in the surface soil of the Kathmandu Valley mainly due to anthropogenic activities. The concentration of As and Cd was found several times higher than the global average background value and a deficient amount of P, S, and Mn was observed.</description><subject>Agrochemicals</subject><subject>Aluminum</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Building materials</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Chemical fertilizers</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts</subject><subject>Construction materials</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Fertilizers</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Hydrogeology</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Manganese</subject><subject>Metals</subject><subject>Municipal waste management</subject><subject>Nickel</subject><subject>Pollution index</subject><subject>Refuse and refuse disposal</subject><subject>Selenium</subject><subject>Silicon</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil contamination</subject><subject>Soil pollution</subject><subject>Soil Science & Conservation</subject><subject>Soil surfaces</subject><subject>Titanium</subject><subject>Trace elements</subject><subject>Valleys</subject><subject>Vehicle emissions</subject><subject>Water Quality/Water Pollution</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><issn>0049-6979</issn><issn>1573-2932</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1vEzEQhi1EJULpH-BkiWu2nbH3wz5GUSmoFUik7dVyvLOty64d7M2h_x6HReKGfRhp9D7z9TL2EeESAbqrjCg6qEBgBU1d1xW-YStsOlkJLcVbtgKoddXqTr9j73N-gfK06lZs2sbgKMzJzj6GNd_FY3KU19yGnm9yjs7bmXr-w-efmceB3yfriF-PNBUqcx_4_Ex8d0zDKb-Lfjypbu38PJUSR_5ox5Fe1_wbHez4gZ0Ndsx08Tees4fP1_fbL9Xd95uv281dZaXCuepJ9rXCPUKn0YLtXesENKCQLBCoTjqUKKUrQbfKYd2oBvaqcWoQ-72Q5-zTUveQ4q8j5dm8lL1CaWlEK2QrtBKyqC4X1ZMdyfgwxHIGV35Pk3cx0OBLftPqMgdo0RZALIBLMedEgzkkP9n0ahDMyQez-GCKD-aPDwYLJBcoF3F4ovRvlv9QvwE8uok5</recordid><startdate>20220201</startdate><enddate>20220201</enddate><creator>Kafle, Hemu Kharel</creator><creator>Khadgi, Jasmita</creator><creator>Ojha, Roshan Babu</creator><creator>Santoso, Muhayatun</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3981-0417</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220201</creationdate><title>Concentration, Sources, and Associated Risks of Trace Elements in the Surface Soil of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal</title><author>Kafle, Hemu Kharel ; Khadgi, Jasmita ; Ojha, Roshan Babu ; Santoso, Muhayatun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a381t-de3d481b10791a0adc6c205081ea0e0873c13133cc13968c145850b85c8f2bb23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Agrochemicals</topic><topic>Aluminum</topic><topic>Anthropogenic factors</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Building materials</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Calcium</topic><topic>Chemical fertilizers</topic><topic>Chromium</topic><topic>Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts</topic><topic>Construction materials</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Emissions</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>Fertilizers</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Hydrogeology</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Magnesium</topic><topic>Manganese</topic><topic>Metals</topic><topic>Municipal waste management</topic><topic>Nickel</topic><topic>Pollution index</topic><topic>Refuse and refuse disposal</topic><topic>Selenium</topic><topic>Silicon</topic><topic>Soil</topic><topic>Soil contamination</topic><topic>Soil pollution</topic><topic>Soil Science & Conservation</topic><topic>Soil surfaces</topic><topic>Titanium</topic><topic>Trace elements</topic><topic>Valleys</topic><topic>Vehicle emissions</topic><topic>Water Quality/Water Pollution</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kafle, Hemu Kharel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khadgi, Jasmita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ojha, Roshan Babu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santoso, Muhayatun</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Water, air, and soil pollution</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kafle, Hemu Kharel</au><au>Khadgi, Jasmita</au><au>Ojha, Roshan Babu</au><au>Santoso, Muhayatun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Concentration, Sources, and Associated Risks of Trace Elements in the Surface Soil of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal</atitle><jtitle>Water, air, and soil pollution</jtitle><stitle>Water Air Soil Pollut</stitle><date>2022-02-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>233</volume><issue>2</issue><artnum>46</artnum><issn>0049-6979</issn><eissn>1573-2932</eissn><abstract>Trace elements occur naturally in rocks and soils, but increasingly higher quantities of elements are being released into the environment by anthropogenic activities. In particular, urban soils are marked with elevated levels of trace elements due to vehicular emissions, industrial disposals, urban waste, chemical fertilizers, and construction materials. This study reports the concentration of twenty elements including highly toxic heavy metals (Mg, Al, P, Ca, Fe, K, Si, Na, S, Ti, V, Se, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, As, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in the surface soil (0–20 cm) of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Three soil pollution indices (geo-accumulation index, single pollution index, and enrichment factor) were employed to determine the severity of trace element contamination. Our results suggested that the studied sites are under strong to moderate contamination in the order of Cd > As > Pb > Zn > Cr > Mn > Ni > Cu. We observed a high concentration of Pb, Zn, As, and Cd in the surface soil of the Kathmandu Valley mainly due to anthropogenic activities. The concentration of As and Cd was found several times higher than the global average background value and a deficient amount of P, S, and Mn was observed.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s11270-021-05444-1</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3981-0417</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0049-6979 |
| ispartof | Water, air, and soil pollution, 2022-02, Vol.233 (2), Article 46 |
| issn | 0049-6979 1573-2932 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2623629823 |
| source | SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Agrochemicals Aluminum Anthropogenic factors Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Building materials Cadmium Calcium Chemical fertilizers Chromium Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts Construction materials Contamination Copper Earth and Environmental Science Emissions Environment Environmental monitoring Fertilizers Heavy metals Hydrogeology Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Metals Municipal waste management Nickel Pollution index Refuse and refuse disposal Selenium Silicon Soil Soil contamination Soil pollution Soil Science & Conservation Soil surfaces Titanium Trace elements Valleys Vehicle emissions Water Quality/Water Pollution Zinc |
| title | Concentration, Sources, and Associated Risks of Trace Elements in the Surface Soil of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-08T04%3A15%3A37IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Concentration,%20Sources,%20and%20Associated%20Risks%20of%20Trace%20Elements%20in%20the%20Surface%20Soil%20of%20Kathmandu%20Valley,%20Nepal&rft.jtitle=Water,%20air,%20and%20soil%20pollution&rft.au=Kafle,%20Hemu%20Kharel&rft.date=2022-02-01&rft.volume=233&rft.issue=2&rft.artnum=46&rft.issn=0049-6979&rft.eissn=1573-2932&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s11270-021-05444-1&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA691070926%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2623629823&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_galeid=A691070926&rfr_iscdi=true |