Mercury distribution and speciation in historically contaminated soils of the Isonzo River Plain (NE Italy)
Purpose Mercury (Hg) mining has negatively impacted the environmental quality of the entire Isonzo/Soča River basin (NE Italy and NW Slovenia), which suffers from a high degree of contamination. This study aims to expand the knowledge on Hg distribution in soils, assess the degree of contamination a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of soils and sediments 2022, Vol.22 (1), p.79-92 |
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| creator | Acquavita, Alessandro Brandolin, Davide Cattaruzza, Carmela Felluga, Alessandro Maddaleni, Paolo Meloni, Claudia Pasquon, Mariangela Predonzani, Sergio Poli, Luca Skert, Nicola Zanello, Antonella |
| description | Purpose
Mercury (Hg) mining has negatively impacted the environmental quality of the entire Isonzo/Soča River basin (NE Italy and NW Slovenia), which suffers from a high degree of contamination. This study aims to expand the knowledge on Hg distribution in soils, assess the degree of contamination and apply statistical methods for management purposes. The Hg speciation in soils and the determination of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) could be useful for an environmental risk assessment of the area.
Materials and methods
Surface and subsurface soil samples (
n
= 262) were collected for total Hg and selective sequential speciation (
n
= 36) following the ISO (
2005
) guidance for the determination of the pedo-geochemical background and background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils. Total Hg was measured according to the US-EPA 7473, and speciation was conducted following the five-step method proposed by Bloom et al. (Anal Chim Acta 479:233–248,
2003
). GEM was measured during field-work operations. Statistical analysis was performed in order to have a preliminary evaluation of the whole dataset and distinguish the pedo-geochemical areas and differences between surface and subsurface Hg background levels for management purposes using EXCEL™ and PAST statistical programs.
Results and discussion
Total Hg concentrations ranged from the natural background ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11368-021-03038-2 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2617115199</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2617115199</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-688e891007de6acb0729ecb3f2b466c3d54b39a1bbf1facb7bec8658416dbc13</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9UEtLAzEQDqJgrf4BTwEveljNbLbZ7FGKj0J9IL2HJJu1qdukJrvC-utNW8Gbp5nhezEfQudAroGQ8iYCUMYzkkNGKKE8yw_QCBgUWVlwcpj2glYZAcKP0UmMK0JomeAR-ngyQfdhwLWNXbCq76x3WLoax43RVu5O6_AywT5YLdt2wNq7Tq6tk51JPG_biH2Du6XBs-jdt8dv9ssE_NrKpLx8vsOzTrbD1Sk6amQbzdnvHKPF_d1i-pjNXx5m09t5pilUXcY4N7zavlUbJrUiZV4ZrWiTq4IxTetJoWglQakGmoSXymjOJrwAVisNdIwu9rab4D97Ezux8n1wKVHkDEqACVRVYuV7lg4-xmAasQl2LcMggIhtuNh3KlKnYtepyJOI7kUxkd27CX_W_6h-ANFZeyg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2617115199</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Mercury distribution and speciation in historically contaminated soils of the Isonzo River Plain (NE Italy)</title><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><creator>Acquavita, Alessandro ; Brandolin, Davide ; Cattaruzza, Carmela ; Felluga, Alessandro ; Maddaleni, Paolo ; Meloni, Claudia ; Pasquon, Mariangela ; Predonzani, Sergio ; Poli, Luca ; Skert, Nicola ; Zanello, Antonella</creator><creatorcontrib>Acquavita, Alessandro ; Brandolin, Davide ; Cattaruzza, Carmela ; Felluga, Alessandro ; Maddaleni, Paolo ; Meloni, Claudia ; Pasquon, Mariangela ; Predonzani, Sergio ; Poli, Luca ; Skert, Nicola ; Zanello, Antonella</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
Mercury (Hg) mining has negatively impacted the environmental quality of the entire Isonzo/Soča River basin (NE Italy and NW Slovenia), which suffers from a high degree of contamination. This study aims to expand the knowledge on Hg distribution in soils, assess the degree of contamination and apply statistical methods for management purposes. The Hg speciation in soils and the determination of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) could be useful for an environmental risk assessment of the area.
Materials and methods
Surface and subsurface soil samples (
n
= 262) were collected for total Hg and selective sequential speciation (
n
= 36) following the ISO (
2005
) guidance for the determination of the pedo-geochemical background and background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils. Total Hg was measured according to the US-EPA 7473, and speciation was conducted following the five-step method proposed by Bloom et al. (Anal Chim Acta 479:233–248,
2003
). GEM was measured during field-work operations. Statistical analysis was performed in order to have a preliminary evaluation of the whole dataset and distinguish the pedo-geochemical areas and differences between surface and subsurface Hg background levels for management purposes using EXCEL™ and PAST statistical programs.
Results and discussion
Total Hg concentrations ranged from the natural background (< 0.06 mg kg
−1
) to 41.0 mg kg
−1
, and contamination was widespread (60% of the samples were classified as “highly to extremely contaminated”) along the whole river basin at variable distances from the river banks. Hg speciation indicated that mostly insoluble mineral bound species (such as cinnabar and meta-cinnabar) prevail, whereas the presence of bioaccessible forms was negligible. In the atmosphere, GEM concentrations were mostly lower than 3.0 ng m
−3
, which is close to the background value reported for the Mediterranean area, and consequently, local inhabitants are not at risk through inhalation pathways.
Conclusions
The results showed that soils of the Isonzo/Soča River basin are contaminated and that the contamination is not restricted to the river banks. Mercury is mostly present in a tightly bound mineral fraction, i.e. cinnabar (mostly insoluble), whilst the presence of bioaccessible forms (e.g. stomach-acid soluble) and GEM were almost negligible. The limits set by Italian law for total Hg in soils are often exceeded, thus creating the necessity to apply a risk assessment evaluation. In this case, the results of Hg speciation could replace the total Hg value in the generally accepted exposure pathway (i.e. ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption).</description><identifier>ISSN: 1439-0108</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7480</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11368-021-03038-2</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Background levels ; Blooms ; Contamination ; Dermal absorption ; Distribution ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Environment ; Environmental assessment ; Environmental Physics ; Environmental quality ; Environmental risk ; Evaluation ; Geochemistry ; Ingestion ; Inhalation ; Mercury ; Organic soils ; Respiration ; Risk assessment ; River banks ; River basins ; Riverbanks ; Rivers ; Samples ; Sec 3 • Remediation and Management of Contaminated or Degraded Lands • Research Article ; Sediments ; Soil ; Soil contamination ; Soil pollution ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Soils ; Speciation ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical methods ; Statistics ; Stomach ; Water pollution</subject><ispartof>Journal of soils and sediments, 2022, Vol.22 (1), p.79-92</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-688e891007de6acb0729ecb3f2b466c3d54b39a1bbf1facb7bec8658416dbc13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-688e891007de6acb0729ecb3f2b466c3d54b39a1bbf1facb7bec8658416dbc13</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3990-3744</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11368-021-03038-2$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11368-021-03038-2$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Acquavita, Alessandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brandolin, Davide</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cattaruzza, Carmela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Felluga, Alessandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maddaleni, Paolo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meloni, Claudia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pasquon, Mariangela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Predonzani, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poli, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skert, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zanello, Antonella</creatorcontrib><title>Mercury distribution and speciation in historically contaminated soils of the Isonzo River Plain (NE Italy)</title><title>Journal of soils and sediments</title><addtitle>J Soils Sediments</addtitle><description>Purpose
Mercury (Hg) mining has negatively impacted the environmental quality of the entire Isonzo/Soča River basin (NE Italy and NW Slovenia), which suffers from a high degree of contamination. This study aims to expand the knowledge on Hg distribution in soils, assess the degree of contamination and apply statistical methods for management purposes. The Hg speciation in soils and the determination of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) could be useful for an environmental risk assessment of the area.
Materials and methods
Surface and subsurface soil samples (
n
= 262) were collected for total Hg and selective sequential speciation (
n
= 36) following the ISO (
2005
) guidance for the determination of the pedo-geochemical background and background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils. Total Hg was measured according to the US-EPA 7473, and speciation was conducted following the five-step method proposed by Bloom et al. (Anal Chim Acta 479:233–248,
2003
). GEM was measured during field-work operations. Statistical analysis was performed in order to have a preliminary evaluation of the whole dataset and distinguish the pedo-geochemical areas and differences between surface and subsurface Hg background levels for management purposes using EXCEL™ and PAST statistical programs.
Results and discussion
Total Hg concentrations ranged from the natural background (< 0.06 mg kg
−1
) to 41.0 mg kg
−1
, and contamination was widespread (60% of the samples were classified as “highly to extremely contaminated”) along the whole river basin at variable distances from the river banks. Hg speciation indicated that mostly insoluble mineral bound species (such as cinnabar and meta-cinnabar) prevail, whereas the presence of bioaccessible forms was negligible. In the atmosphere, GEM concentrations were mostly lower than 3.0 ng m
−3
, which is close to the background value reported for the Mediterranean area, and consequently, local inhabitants are not at risk through inhalation pathways.
Conclusions
The results showed that soils of the Isonzo/Soča River basin are contaminated and that the contamination is not restricted to the river banks. Mercury is mostly present in a tightly bound mineral fraction, i.e. cinnabar (mostly insoluble), whilst the presence of bioaccessible forms (e.g. stomach-acid soluble) and GEM were almost negligible. The limits set by Italian law for total Hg in soils are often exceeded, thus creating the necessity to apply a risk assessment evaluation. In this case, the results of Hg speciation could replace the total Hg value in the generally accepted exposure pathway (i.e. ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption).</description><subject>Background levels</subject><subject>Blooms</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Dermal absorption</subject><subject>Distribution</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental assessment</subject><subject>Environmental Physics</subject><subject>Environmental quality</subject><subject>Environmental risk</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Geochemistry</subject><subject>Ingestion</subject><subject>Inhalation</subject><subject>Mercury</subject><subject>Organic soils</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>River banks</subject><subject>River basins</subject><subject>Riverbanks</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Samples</subject><subject>Sec 3 • Remediation and Management of Contaminated or Degraded Lands • Research Article</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil contamination</subject><subject>Soil pollution</subject><subject>Soil Science & Conservation</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Speciation</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Statistics</subject><subject>Stomach</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><issn>1439-0108</issn><issn>1614-7480</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9UEtLAzEQDqJgrf4BTwEveljNbLbZ7FGKj0J9IL2HJJu1qdukJrvC-utNW8Gbp5nhezEfQudAroGQ8iYCUMYzkkNGKKE8yw_QCBgUWVlwcpj2glYZAcKP0UmMK0JomeAR-ngyQfdhwLWNXbCq76x3WLoax43RVu5O6_AywT5YLdt2wNq7Tq6tk51JPG_biH2Du6XBs-jdt8dv9ssE_NrKpLx8vsOzTrbD1Sk6amQbzdnvHKPF_d1i-pjNXx5m09t5pilUXcY4N7zavlUbJrUiZV4ZrWiTq4IxTetJoWglQakGmoSXymjOJrwAVisNdIwu9rab4D97Ezux8n1wKVHkDEqACVRVYuV7lg4-xmAasQl2LcMggIhtuNh3KlKnYtepyJOI7kUxkd27CX_W_6h-ANFZeyg</recordid><startdate>2022</startdate><enddate>2022</enddate><creator>Acquavita, Alessandro</creator><creator>Brandolin, Davide</creator><creator>Cattaruzza, Carmela</creator><creator>Felluga, Alessandro</creator><creator>Maddaleni, Paolo</creator><creator>Meloni, Claudia</creator><creator>Pasquon, Mariangela</creator><creator>Predonzani, Sergio</creator><creator>Poli, Luca</creator><creator>Skert, Nicola</creator><creator>Zanello, Antonella</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3990-3744</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2022</creationdate><title>Mercury distribution and speciation in historically contaminated soils of the Isonzo River Plain (NE Italy)</title><author>Acquavita, Alessandro ; Brandolin, Davide ; Cattaruzza, Carmela ; Felluga, Alessandro ; Maddaleni, Paolo ; Meloni, Claudia ; Pasquon, Mariangela ; Predonzani, Sergio ; Poli, Luca ; Skert, Nicola ; Zanello, Antonella</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-688e891007de6acb0729ecb3f2b466c3d54b39a1bbf1facb7bec8658416dbc13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Background levels</topic><topic>Blooms</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Dermal absorption</topic><topic>Distribution</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental assessment</topic><topic>Environmental Physics</topic><topic>Environmental quality</topic><topic>Environmental risk</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>Geochemistry</topic><topic>Ingestion</topic><topic>Inhalation</topic><topic>Mercury</topic><topic>Organic soils</topic><topic>Respiration</topic><topic>Risk assessment</topic><topic>River banks</topic><topic>River basins</topic><topic>Riverbanks</topic><topic>Rivers</topic><topic>Samples</topic><topic>Sec 3 • Remediation and Management of Contaminated or Degraded Lands • Research Article</topic><topic>Sediments</topic><topic>Soil</topic><topic>Soil contamination</topic><topic>Soil pollution</topic><topic>Soil Science & Conservation</topic><topic>Soils</topic><topic>Speciation</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Statistical methods</topic><topic>Statistics</topic><topic>Stomach</topic><topic>Water pollution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Acquavita, Alessandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brandolin, Davide</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cattaruzza, Carmela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Felluga, Alessandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maddaleni, Paolo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meloni, Claudia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pasquon, Mariangela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Predonzani, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poli, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skert, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zanello, Antonella</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central 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Collection</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of soils and sediments</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Acquavita, Alessandro</au><au>Brandolin, Davide</au><au>Cattaruzza, Carmela</au><au>Felluga, Alessandro</au><au>Maddaleni, Paolo</au><au>Meloni, Claudia</au><au>Pasquon, Mariangela</au><au>Predonzani, Sergio</au><au>Poli, Luca</au><au>Skert, Nicola</au><au>Zanello, Antonella</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mercury distribution and speciation in historically contaminated soils of the Isonzo River Plain (NE Italy)</atitle><jtitle>Journal of soils and sediments</jtitle><stitle>J Soils Sediments</stitle><date>2022</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>79</spage><epage>92</epage><pages>79-92</pages><issn>1439-0108</issn><eissn>1614-7480</eissn><abstract>Purpose
Mercury (Hg) mining has negatively impacted the environmental quality of the entire Isonzo/Soča River basin (NE Italy and NW Slovenia), which suffers from a high degree of contamination. This study aims to expand the knowledge on Hg distribution in soils, assess the degree of contamination and apply statistical methods for management purposes. The Hg speciation in soils and the determination of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) could be useful for an environmental risk assessment of the area.
Materials and methods
Surface and subsurface soil samples (
n
= 262) were collected for total Hg and selective sequential speciation (
n
= 36) following the ISO (
2005
) guidance for the determination of the pedo-geochemical background and background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils. Total Hg was measured according to the US-EPA 7473, and speciation was conducted following the five-step method proposed by Bloom et al. (Anal Chim Acta 479:233–248,
2003
). GEM was measured during field-work operations. Statistical analysis was performed in order to have a preliminary evaluation of the whole dataset and distinguish the pedo-geochemical areas and differences between surface and subsurface Hg background levels for management purposes using EXCEL™ and PAST statistical programs.
Results and discussion
Total Hg concentrations ranged from the natural background (< 0.06 mg kg
−1
) to 41.0 mg kg
−1
, and contamination was widespread (60% of the samples were classified as “highly to extremely contaminated”) along the whole river basin at variable distances from the river banks. Hg speciation indicated that mostly insoluble mineral bound species (such as cinnabar and meta-cinnabar) prevail, whereas the presence of bioaccessible forms was negligible. In the atmosphere, GEM concentrations were mostly lower than 3.0 ng m
−3
, which is close to the background value reported for the Mediterranean area, and consequently, local inhabitants are not at risk through inhalation pathways.
Conclusions
The results showed that soils of the Isonzo/Soča River basin are contaminated and that the contamination is not restricted to the river banks. Mercury is mostly present in a tightly bound mineral fraction, i.e. cinnabar (mostly insoluble), whilst the presence of bioaccessible forms (e.g. stomach-acid soluble) and GEM were almost negligible. The limits set by Italian law for total Hg in soils are often exceeded, thus creating the necessity to apply a risk assessment evaluation. In this case, the results of Hg speciation could replace the total Hg value in the generally accepted exposure pathway (i.e. ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption).</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s11368-021-03038-2</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3990-3744</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | Journal of soils and sediments, 2022, Vol.22 (1), p.79-92 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Background levels Blooms Contamination Dermal absorption Distribution Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental assessment Environmental Physics Environmental quality Environmental risk Evaluation Geochemistry Ingestion Inhalation Mercury Organic soils Respiration Risk assessment River banks River basins Riverbanks Rivers Samples Sec 3 • Remediation and Management of Contaminated or Degraded Lands • Research Article Sediments Soil Soil contamination Soil pollution Soil Science & Conservation Soils Speciation Statistical analysis Statistical methods Statistics Stomach Water pollution |
| title | Mercury distribution and speciation in historically contaminated soils of the Isonzo River Plain (NE Italy) |
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