Replacing fish meal with rapeseed meal: potential impact on the growth performance, profitability measures, serum biomarkers, antioxidant status, intestinal morphometric analysis, and water quality of Oreochromis niloticus and Sarotherodon galilaeus fingerlings

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of using rapeseed meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in the diet of farmed tilapia. We evaluated the effect of this replacement on growth performance, profitability, serum biomarkers, antioxidant status, gut morphology, and water quality. A total of 960 apparently healthy Oreochromis niloticus ( O. niloticus ) and Sarotherodon galilaeus ( S. galilaeus ) fingerlings were randomly distributed into four dietary treatment groups for each tilapia species (triplicate design, 120 fish/group, and 40 fish/replicate). The diets consumed by these groups were formulated to replace fish meal (FM) with rapeseed meal (RM) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively, for 12 consecutive weeks. Results indicated that replacing RM in the diet of S. galilaeus (up to 20%) and O. niloticus (up to 10%) resulted in increased growth performance parameters, including final weight, weight gain, length, length gain, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (SGR), and return parameters such as a total return and relative return compared to the control group. Moreover, an increase in RM up to 30% improved net profit and increased the mucosal length, intestinal villi length, and the number of goblet cells compared with results in its relative control groups. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in serum and liver AST and ALT with increased RM replacement. With respect to water parameters, we observed a significant difference in the ammonia levels, turbidity, and conductivity with the changes to the percentage of RM in the diets. As for the effect on each species, O. niloticus showed a more significant increase in all examined parameters compared to results in S. galilaeus . In summary, up to 10% RM can be used to replace FM without any adverse effects on the growth performance, profitability measures, intestinal morphometric analysis, or water quality.