Tracking deepwater oxygen recovery using sedimentary chironomid assemblages: Peninsula Lake revisited

Peninsula Lake, Ontario, Canada, is a Precambrian Shield lake that has experienced many environmental stressors since European settlement of the watershed in the mid-1800s, including forest clearance, water-level management, sewage inputs, and land-use changes. The deterioration of water quality by the 1970s prompted mitigation efforts intended to reduce inputs of nutrients and untreated sewage to the lake. Paleolimnological analysis of a sediment core from Peninsula Lake, collected in 1995, revealed that efforts to address eutrophication had been somewhat successful, in that the lake had returned to oligotrophic status by the early 1990s. Nevertheless, there had been little to no improvement in inferred deepwater oxygen conditions. We used similar paleolimnological techniques on a core collected in 2014 to examine ecological responses to environmental stressors and remediation efforts in the intervening years, with a particular focus on changes in the amount of oxygenated habitat available to lake trout. Specifically, we inferred trends in volume-weighted hypolimnetic oxygen (VWHO), through analysis of sedimentary chironomid assemblages, to assess long-term changes in coldwater fisheries habitat. Potential drivers of VWHO were also investigated, and included diatom-inferred total phosphorus, spectrally derived trends in sedimentary chlorophyll a and its main diagenetic products, and lake-water dissolved organic carbon. The sedimentary chironomid assemblages indicate a long period of VWHO depletion, concurrent with known anthropogenic activities from the early twentieth century to the 1990s, followed by recent recovery to near pre-impact levels. The sedimentary diatom assemblages indicate nutrient enrichment throughout most of the twentieth century, which was also followed by a return to pre-impact conditions, albeit with recent indications of renewed nutrient enrichment. In contrast, strikingly different trajectories were observed in two other regional waterbodies that support lake trout, but experienced relatively little nutrient enrichment over the past ~ 150 years. Peninsula Lake appears to be recovering from nutrient enrichment and hypolimnetic oxygen depletion, but water quality improvements have nevertheless been accompanied by increased primary production, perhaps because climate warming has extended the ice-free season and stratification period. Therefore, instead of returning to pre-impact conditions, Peninsula Lake appears to be developing a nov