Understanding the influence of anti‐reversion agent and metal oxide dose on natural rubber–carbon black system
Sulfidic linkages that are formed during the vulcanization process of natural rubber (NR) are unstable at a higher temperature and can be reversed into conjugated diene. To overcome such issue and to build a compound that is hostile to inversion and with increasing service life, anti‐reversion agent...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Polymer engineering and science 2021-10, Vol.61 (10), p.2616-2629 |
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| creator | Pal, Koushik Satpathi, Hirak Bhandary, Tirthankar Samui, Barun Kumar Bhattacharyya, Sanjay Naskar, Kinsuk Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra |
| description | Sulfidic linkages that are formed during the vulcanization process of natural rubber (NR) are unstable at a higher temperature and can be reversed into conjugated diene. To overcome such issue and to build a compound that is hostile to inversion and with increasing service life, anti‐reversion agent (ARA), for example, N,N′‐4,4′‐diphenylmethyene bismaleimide (BMDM), is added into the formulation. This work explains the conjugation reaction mechanism of conjugated diene and BMDM by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The first phase of this study is associated with the change in ARA dosage keeping ZnO dosage the same. It is observed that 5 phr of BMDM and 2 phr ZnO combination (ARA4) shows lowest reversion at 160°C. The modulus value at 300% elongation increased 12% by the incorporation of BMDM as compared to the compound of no BMDM (ARA1). The second part is all about keeping BMDM dosage the same at 5 phr level and varying ZnO phr by 3, 4, and 5. From the overall results, it is observed that at a suitable dosage of BMDM and ZnO (5 phr BMDM and 3 phr ZnO combination [ARA5]), least reversion can be achieved and vulcanizates containing optimized BMDM and ZnO show better retention properties after aerobic aging as compared to ARA1. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/pen.25787 |
| format | Article |
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To overcome such issue and to build a compound that is hostile to inversion and with increasing service life, anti‐reversion agent (ARA), for example, N,N′‐4,4′‐diphenylmethyene bismaleimide (BMDM), is added into the formulation. This work explains the conjugation reaction mechanism of conjugated diene and BMDM by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The first phase of this study is associated with the change in ARA dosage keeping ZnO dosage the same. It is observed that 5 phr of BMDM and 2 phr ZnO combination (ARA4) shows lowest reversion at 160°C. The modulus value at 300% elongation increased 12% by the incorporation of BMDM as compared to the compound of no BMDM (ARA1). The second part is all about keeping BMDM dosage the same at 5 phr level and varying ZnO phr by 3, 4, and 5. From the overall results, it is observed that at a suitable dosage of BMDM and ZnO (5 phr BMDM and 3 phr ZnO combination [ARA5]), least reversion can be achieved and vulcanizates containing optimized BMDM and ZnO show better retention properties after aerobic aging as compared to ARA1.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0032-3888</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1548-2634</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/pen.25787</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Aging (natural) ; Analysis ; Bismaleimides ; Carbon black ; Conjugation ; Crosslinked polymers ; Dosage ; Elongation ; Fourier transforms ; Gas chromatography ; GC–MS ; Mass spectrometry ; mechanical properties ; Metal oxides ; Methods ; Natural rubber ; Reaction mechanisms ; rheology ; rubber ; Service life ; thermal properties ; Vulcanization ; Zinc oxide</subject><ispartof>Polymer engineering and science, 2021-10, Vol.61 (10), p.2616-2629</ispartof><rights>2021 Society of Plastics Engineers.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.</rights><rights>2021 Society of Plastics Engineers</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4737-946062bed5fe2f597388f9885fb46fc3bbd1a212352877f7f4259ebd9899ff7c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4737-946062bed5fe2f597388f9885fb46fc3bbd1a212352877f7f4259ebd9899ff7c3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3932-4227 ; 0000-0002-2207-1382 ; 0000-0002-2801-7125</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fpen.25787$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fpen.25787$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pal, Koushik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Satpathi, Hirak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhandary, Tirthankar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Samui, Barun Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhattacharyya, Sanjay</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naskar, Kinsuk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra</creatorcontrib><title>Understanding the influence of anti‐reversion agent and metal oxide dose on natural rubber–carbon black system</title><title>Polymer engineering and science</title><description>Sulfidic linkages that are formed during the vulcanization process of natural rubber (NR) are unstable at a higher temperature and can be reversed into conjugated diene. To overcome such issue and to build a compound that is hostile to inversion and with increasing service life, anti‐reversion agent (ARA), for example, N,N′‐4,4′‐diphenylmethyene bismaleimide (BMDM), is added into the formulation. This work explains the conjugation reaction mechanism of conjugated diene and BMDM by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The first phase of this study is associated with the change in ARA dosage keeping ZnO dosage the same. It is observed that 5 phr of BMDM and 2 phr ZnO combination (ARA4) shows lowest reversion at 160°C. The modulus value at 300% elongation increased 12% by the incorporation of BMDM as compared to the compound of no BMDM (ARA1). The second part is all about keeping BMDM dosage the same at 5 phr level and varying ZnO phr by 3, 4, and 5. From the overall results, it is observed that at a suitable dosage of BMDM and ZnO (5 phr BMDM and 3 phr ZnO combination [ARA5]), least reversion can be achieved and vulcanizates containing optimized BMDM and ZnO show better retention properties after aerobic aging as compared to ARA1.</description><subject>Aging (natural)</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Bismaleimides</subject><subject>Carbon black</subject><subject>Conjugation</subject><subject>Crosslinked polymers</subject><subject>Dosage</subject><subject>Elongation</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>GC–MS</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>mechanical properties</subject><subject>Metal oxides</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Natural rubber</subject><subject>Reaction mechanisms</subject><subject>rheology</subject><subject>rubber</subject><subject>Service life</subject><subject>thermal properties</subject><subject>Vulcanization</subject><subject>Zinc oxide</subject><issn>0032-3888</issn><issn>1548-2634</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>N95</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kt1qFDEUxwdR6Fq96BsEvBKc7UzmI5nLUqoWikprr0M-TqapM5k1yWj3ro8g9A37JD3ririwEjiBP7__-eJk2VFZLMuioMcr8EvaMM6eZYuyqXlO26p-ni2KoqJ5xTk_yF7GeFsgWzXdIgvX3kCISXrjfE_SDRDn7TCD10AmS6RP7vH-V4AfSLnJE9mDTygbMkKSA5nunAFipoi4J16mOaAaZqUgPN4_aBkU6mqQ-huJ65hgfJW9sHKI8PrPf5hdvz_7evoxv_j84fz05CLXNatY3tVt0VIFprFAbdMx7N52nDdW1a3VlVKmlLTEMShnzDJb06YDZTreddYyXR1mb7Z5V2H6PkNM4naag8eSYrOhsuKb8Jfq5QACZ59SkHp0UYuTlhdtXZUdRSrfQ-EqAKedPFiH8g6_3MPjMzA6vdfwdseATIK71Ms5RnF-dbnLvvuHVXN0HiKG6PqbFLeWfal1mGIMYMUquFGGtSgLsTkagUfzeyUM2eMt-xP7W_8fFF_OPm0dTwUQw4Q</recordid><startdate>202110</startdate><enddate>202110</enddate><creator>Pal, Koushik</creator><creator>Satpathi, Hirak</creator><creator>Bhandary, Tirthankar</creator><creator>Samui, Barun Kumar</creator><creator>Bhattacharyya, Sanjay</creator><creator>Naskar, Kinsuk</creator><creator>Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>N95</scope><scope>XI7</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3932-4227</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2207-1382</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-7125</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202110</creationdate><title>Understanding the influence of anti‐reversion agent and metal oxide dose on natural rubber–carbon black system</title><author>Pal, Koushik ; 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To overcome such issue and to build a compound that is hostile to inversion and with increasing service life, anti‐reversion agent (ARA), for example, N,N′‐4,4′‐diphenylmethyene bismaleimide (BMDM), is added into the formulation. This work explains the conjugation reaction mechanism of conjugated diene and BMDM by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The first phase of this study is associated with the change in ARA dosage keeping ZnO dosage the same. It is observed that 5 phr of BMDM and 2 phr ZnO combination (ARA4) shows lowest reversion at 160°C. The modulus value at 300% elongation increased 12% by the incorporation of BMDM as compared to the compound of no BMDM (ARA1). The second part is all about keeping BMDM dosage the same at 5 phr level and varying ZnO phr by 3, 4, and 5. 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| ispartof | Polymer engineering and science, 2021-10, Vol.61 (10), p.2616-2629 |
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| source | Wiley Online Library All Journals |
| subjects | Aging (natural) Analysis Bismaleimides Carbon black Conjugation Crosslinked polymers Dosage Elongation Fourier transforms Gas chromatography GC–MS Mass spectrometry mechanical properties Metal oxides Methods Natural rubber Reaction mechanisms rheology rubber Service life thermal properties Vulcanization Zinc oxide |
| title | Understanding the influence of anti‐reversion agent and metal oxide dose on natural rubber–carbon black system |
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