Volume and Heat Transport in the South China Sea and Maritime Continent at Present and the End of the 21st Century

Ocean transports through the Southeast Asian Seas connect the western tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, thereby exerting an important role in regional and global climate. High‐resolution regional ocean model simulations over the South China Sea (SCS) and maritime continent are used to study the me...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of geophysical research. Oceans 2021-09, Vol.126 (9), p.n/a
Hauptverfasser: Samanta, Dhrubajyoti, Goodkin, Nathalie F., Karnauskas, Kristopher B.
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description Ocean transports through the Southeast Asian Seas connect the western tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, thereby exerting an important role in regional and global climate. High‐resolution regional ocean model simulations over the South China Sea (SCS) and maritime continent are used to study the mean and seasonally varying thermohaline structure and volume transport through the straits surrounding the SCS. Diversity in the vertical structure of these straits is not only indicative of the role of widely varying bathymetry but also strong seasonality associated with monsoonal currents. The presence of a Pacific water mass in intermediate and deep layers of the Luzon Strait points to a key pathway between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Further, examining a suite of global, high‐resolution model simulations reveals the projected changes in the regional upper ocean transports due to anthropogenic radiative forcing by the end of the 21st century. The global models predict an increase in heat and volume transport through the Luzon and Karimata Straits, and a decrease thereof through the Makassar and Lombok Straits by the end of the century. Overall, these changes impute additional net convergence of heat and volume in the SCS, a significant reduction of sea surface salinity and mixed layer depth, and an increase in the upper‐ocean heat content of the region. As the SCS serves as a regional heat capacitor and is impacted by the global thermohaline circulation locally via Indonesian Throughflow, these predicted changes have the potential to impact climate over the Indo‐Pacific region and globally. Plain Language Summary In addition to regional monsoon systems, the Southeast Asian climate is largely controlled by the South China Sea (SCS) and adjoining seas, which are linked through several straits and passages. The physics controlling the movement of water and heat through these oceanic pathways are thus key to this region and beyond. The absence of consistent and long‐term ocean observations in this region poses challenges to understanding these physics. Due to the presence of many small islands, high‐resolution model experiments are essential to resolve the ocean circulations in the Southeast Asia region. Here, using a high‐resolution regional ocean model simulation, we characterize the unique seasonal structure of transports through six straits in the SCS in terms of regional drivers. Further, we investigate a deep water mass in the Luzon Strait and identified
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High‐resolution regional ocean model simulations over the South China Sea (SCS) and maritime continent are used to study the mean and seasonally varying thermohaline structure and volume transport through the straits surrounding the SCS. Diversity in the vertical structure of these straits is not only indicative of the role of widely varying bathymetry but also strong seasonality associated with monsoonal currents. The presence of a Pacific water mass in intermediate and deep layers of the Luzon Strait points to a key pathway between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Further, examining a suite of global, high‐resolution model simulations reveals the projected changes in the regional upper ocean transports due to anthropogenic radiative forcing by the end of the 21st century. The global models predict an increase in heat and volume transport through the Luzon and Karimata Straits, and a decrease thereof through the Makassar and Lombok Straits by the end of the century. Overall, these changes impute additional net convergence of heat and volume in the SCS, a significant reduction of sea surface salinity and mixed layer depth, and an increase in the upper‐ocean heat content of the region. As the SCS serves as a regional heat capacitor and is impacted by the global thermohaline circulation locally via Indonesian Throughflow, these predicted changes have the potential to impact climate over the Indo‐Pacific region and globally. Plain Language Summary In addition to regional monsoon systems, the Southeast Asian climate is largely controlled by the South China Sea (SCS) and adjoining seas, which are linked through several straits and passages. The physics controlling the movement of water and heat through these oceanic pathways are thus key to this region and beyond. The absence of consistent and long‐term ocean observations in this region poses challenges to understanding these physics. Due to the presence of many small islands, high‐resolution model experiments are essential to resolve the ocean circulations in the Southeast Asia region. Here, using a high‐resolution regional ocean model simulation, we characterize the unique seasonal structure of transports through six straits in the SCS in terms of regional drivers. Further, we investigate a deep water mass in the Luzon Strait and identified its origin in the central Pacific Ocean. Lastly, using high‐resolution global climate model simulations we show projected changes in upper ocean behavior in the SCS and maritime continent at the end of the 21st century assuming continued high greenhouse gas emissions, particularly the net heat convergence in the SCS and reduction in the upper ocean mixing. These projected changes have the potential to modulate the ocean‐atmosphere interactions and climate globally. Key Points South China Sea (SCS) ocean transports are studied using a high‐resolution regional ocean model and high‐resolution global climate models The seasonally varying intermediate and deep layer water mass in the SCS originates in the central Pacific Ocean High‐resolution global climate models predict pronounced changes in SCS transports in response to anthropogenic forcing</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9275</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9291</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2020JC016901</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>21st century ; Anthropogenic factors ; Atmospheric models ; Bathymetry ; Climate ; climate change ; Climate models ; Convergence ; Deep layer ; Deep water ; Deep water masses ; Enthalpy ; Geophysics ; Global climate ; Global climate models ; Greenhouse gases ; Heat ; Heat content ; Heat transport ; HighResMIP ; Human influences ; Indonesian Throughflow ; Marine transportation ; maritime continent ; Mixed layer ; Mixed layer depth ; Monsoon climates ; Ocean mixing ; Ocean models ; ocean transport ; Oceans ; Physics ; Radiative forcing ; Reduction ; Regional climates ; Resolution ; ROMS ; Sea surface ; Seasonal variations ; Seasonality ; Simulation ; South China Sea ; Straits ; Surface salinity ; Thermohaline circulation ; Thermohaline structure ; Tropical climate ; Upper ocean ; Vertical profiles ; Volume transport ; Water masses</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. 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Oceans</title><description>Ocean transports through the Southeast Asian Seas connect the western tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, thereby exerting an important role in regional and global climate. High‐resolution regional ocean model simulations over the South China Sea (SCS) and maritime continent are used to study the mean and seasonally varying thermohaline structure and volume transport through the straits surrounding the SCS. Diversity in the vertical structure of these straits is not only indicative of the role of widely varying bathymetry but also strong seasonality associated with monsoonal currents. The presence of a Pacific water mass in intermediate and deep layers of the Luzon Strait points to a key pathway between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Further, examining a suite of global, high‐resolution model simulations reveals the projected changes in the regional upper ocean transports due to anthropogenic radiative forcing by the end of the 21st century. The global models predict an increase in heat and volume transport through the Luzon and Karimata Straits, and a decrease thereof through the Makassar and Lombok Straits by the end of the century. Overall, these changes impute additional net convergence of heat and volume in the SCS, a significant reduction of sea surface salinity and mixed layer depth, and an increase in the upper‐ocean heat content of the region. As the SCS serves as a regional heat capacitor and is impacted by the global thermohaline circulation locally via Indonesian Throughflow, these predicted changes have the potential to impact climate over the Indo‐Pacific region and globally. Plain Language Summary In addition to regional monsoon systems, the Southeast Asian climate is largely controlled by the South China Sea (SCS) and adjoining seas, which are linked through several straits and passages. The physics controlling the movement of water and heat through these oceanic pathways are thus key to this region and beyond. The absence of consistent and long‐term ocean observations in this region poses challenges to understanding these physics. Due to the presence of many small islands, high‐resolution model experiments are essential to resolve the ocean circulations in the Southeast Asia region. Here, using a high‐resolution regional ocean model simulation, we characterize the unique seasonal structure of transports through six straits in the SCS in terms of regional drivers. Further, we investigate a deep water mass in the Luzon Strait and identified its origin in the central Pacific Ocean. 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Oceans</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Samanta, Dhrubajyoti</au><au>Goodkin, Nathalie F.</au><au>Karnauskas, Kristopher B.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Volume and Heat Transport in the South China Sea and Maritime Continent at Present and the End of the 21st Century</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Oceans</jtitle><date>2021-09</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>126</volume><issue>9</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2169-9275</issn><eissn>2169-9291</eissn><abstract>Ocean transports through the Southeast Asian Seas connect the western tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, thereby exerting an important role in regional and global climate. High‐resolution regional ocean model simulations over the South China Sea (SCS) and maritime continent are used to study the mean and seasonally varying thermohaline structure and volume transport through the straits surrounding the SCS. Diversity in the vertical structure of these straits is not only indicative of the role of widely varying bathymetry but also strong seasonality associated with monsoonal currents. The presence of a Pacific water mass in intermediate and deep layers of the Luzon Strait points to a key pathway between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Further, examining a suite of global, high‐resolution model simulations reveals the projected changes in the regional upper ocean transports due to anthropogenic radiative forcing by the end of the 21st century. The global models predict an increase in heat and volume transport through the Luzon and Karimata Straits, and a decrease thereof through the Makassar and Lombok Straits by the end of the century. Overall, these changes impute additional net convergence of heat and volume in the SCS, a significant reduction of sea surface salinity and mixed layer depth, and an increase in the upper‐ocean heat content of the region. As the SCS serves as a regional heat capacitor and is impacted by the global thermohaline circulation locally via Indonesian Throughflow, these predicted changes have the potential to impact climate over the Indo‐Pacific region and globally. Plain Language Summary In addition to regional monsoon systems, the Southeast Asian climate is largely controlled by the South China Sea (SCS) and adjoining seas, which are linked through several straits and passages. The physics controlling the movement of water and heat through these oceanic pathways are thus key to this region and beyond. The absence of consistent and long‐term ocean observations in this region poses challenges to understanding these physics. Due to the presence of many small islands, high‐resolution model experiments are essential to resolve the ocean circulations in the Southeast Asia region. Here, using a high‐resolution regional ocean model simulation, we characterize the unique seasonal structure of transports through six straits in the SCS in terms of regional drivers. Further, we investigate a deep water mass in the Luzon Strait and identified its origin in the central Pacific Ocean. Lastly, using high‐resolution global climate model simulations we show projected changes in upper ocean behavior in the SCS and maritime continent at the end of the 21st century assuming continued high greenhouse gas emissions, particularly the net heat convergence in the SCS and reduction in the upper ocean mixing. These projected changes have the potential to modulate the ocean‐atmosphere interactions and climate globally. Key Points South China Sea (SCS) ocean transports are studied using a high‐resolution regional ocean model and high‐resolution global climate models The seasonally varying intermediate and deep layer water mass in the SCS originates in the central Pacific Ocean High‐resolution global climate models predict pronounced changes in SCS transports in response to anthropogenic forcing</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2020JC016901</doi><tpages>28</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9697-5520</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7477-5584</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8121-7321</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects 21st century
Anthropogenic factors
Atmospheric models
Bathymetry
Climate
climate change
Climate models
Convergence
Deep layer
Deep water
Deep water masses
Enthalpy
Geophysics
Global climate
Global climate models
Greenhouse gases
Heat
Heat content
Heat transport
HighResMIP
Human influences
Indonesian Throughflow
Marine transportation
maritime continent
Mixed layer
Mixed layer depth
Monsoon climates
Ocean mixing
Ocean models
ocean transport
Oceans
Physics
Radiative forcing
Reduction
Regional climates
Resolution
ROMS
Sea surface
Seasonal variations
Seasonality
Simulation
South China Sea
Straits
Surface salinity
Thermohaline circulation
Thermohaline structure
Tropical climate
Upper ocean
Vertical profiles
Volume transport
Water masses
title Volume and Heat Transport in the South China Sea and Maritime Continent at Present and the End of the 21st Century
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