Drought Stress Alleviation by Potassium-Nitrate-Containing Chitosan/Montmorillonite Microparticles Confers Changes in Spinacia oleracea L
Drought and low amounts of mineral nutrients in the soil are the two leading global constraints in arid and semiarid regions. Their detrimental effects on soils and crops can be alleviated by applying controlled release and biodegradable fertilizers to better and sustain the crops. On a global scale...
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creator | Bukhari, Syed Abu Bakr Haider Lalarukh, Irfana Amjad, Syeda Fasiha Mansoora, Nida Naz, Maliha Naeem, Muhammad Bukhari, Syeda Aqsa Shahbaz, Muhammad Ali, Saleha Ahmad Marfo, Theodore Danso Danish, Subhan Datta, Rahul Fahad, Shah |
description | Drought and low amounts of mineral nutrients in the soil are the two leading global constraints in arid and semiarid regions. Their detrimental effects on soils and crops can be alleviated by applying controlled release and biodegradable fertilizers to better and sustain the crops. On a global scale, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an essential leafy green vegetable that is biologically considered a reliable source of essential nutrients and minerals for human health. A comprehensive approach is needed to manage water stress to mitigate the impacts of stress-caused damage and to examine this for better and increased plant production. An experiment was conducted using potassium-nitrate-containing chitosan/montmorillonite microparticles (150 mg) under mild and severe drought stress (MDS: 50% and SDS: 35% FC, respectively). The treatments include control (no KNO3 and 70% FC as normal irrigation (NI)), KNO3 + NI, 50% FC as mild drought stress (MDS), KNO3 + MDS, 35% FC as severe drought stress (SDS) and KNO3 + SDS. Results revealed that drought stress decreased all studied physiological parameters and increased oxidative stress indicators in spinach. Applying KN significantly increased root (122%) and shoot length (4%), shoot fresh weight (32%) and shoot dry weight (71%), chlorophyll a (88%), carotenoids (39%), total soluble proteins (50%), soluble sugars (51%), potassium (80%), and phosphorous (32%) concentrations over No KN at severe drought. While stress indicators, like glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbic acid levels, were increased in stress. Treatment KN was proved efficient and effective in improving spinach physiological status in both MDS and SDS. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/su13179903 |
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Their detrimental effects on soils and crops can be alleviated by applying controlled release and biodegradable fertilizers to better and sustain the crops. On a global scale, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an essential leafy green vegetable that is biologically considered a reliable source of essential nutrients and minerals for human health. A comprehensive approach is needed to manage water stress to mitigate the impacts of stress-caused damage and to examine this for better and increased plant production. An experiment was conducted using potassium-nitrate-containing chitosan/montmorillonite microparticles (150 mg) under mild and severe drought stress (MDS: 50% and SDS: 35% FC, respectively). The treatments include control (no KNO3 and 70% FC as normal irrigation (NI)), KNO3 + NI, 50% FC as mild drought stress (MDS), KNO3 + MDS, 35% FC as severe drought stress (SDS) and KNO3 + SDS. Results revealed that drought stress decreased all studied physiological parameters and increased oxidative stress indicators in spinach. Applying KN significantly increased root (122%) and shoot length (4%), shoot fresh weight (32%) and shoot dry weight (71%), chlorophyll a (88%), carotenoids (39%), total soluble proteins (50%), soluble sugars (51%), potassium (80%), and phosphorous (32%) concentrations over No KN at severe drought. While stress indicators, like glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbic acid levels, were increased in stress. Treatment KN was proved efficient and effective in improving spinach physiological status in both MDS and SDS.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su13179903</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Agricultural production ; Ascorbic acid ; Biodegradability ; Biodegradation ; Biomass ; Carotenoids ; Chitosan ; Chlorophyll ; Controlled release ; Crops ; Dietary minerals ; Drought ; Electrolyte leakage ; Essential nutrients ; Fertilizers ; Glycine ; Glycine betaine ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Impact damage ; Indicators ; Irrigation ; Malondialdehyde ; Minerals ; Montmorillonite ; Nutrients ; Oxidative stress ; Peroxidase ; Physiology ; Plant production ; Potassium ; Rain ; Seeds ; Semiarid lands ; Spinach ; Spinacia oleracea ; Sugar ; Superoxide dismutase ; Water management ; Water stress</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2021-09, Vol.13 (17), p.9903</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-cdf50270ea164bb8e5fd289823e67c9f4e43775927e05d71a51f135b86963d773</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-cdf50270ea164bb8e5fd289823e67c9f4e43775927e05d71a51f135b86963d773</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5078-5470 ; 0000-0002-7525-0296 ; 0000-0001-9001-2555 ; 0000-0002-2218-5160 ; 0000-0003-3327-7551 ; 0000-0002-6182-6207</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Bukhari, Syed Abu Bakr Haider</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lalarukh, Irfana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amjad, Syeda Fasiha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mansoora, Nida</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naz, Maliha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naeem, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bukhari, Syeda Aqsa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shahbaz, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Saleha Ahmad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marfo, Theodore Danso</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Danish, Subhan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Datta, Rahul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fahad, Shah</creatorcontrib><title>Drought Stress Alleviation by Potassium-Nitrate-Containing Chitosan/Montmorillonite Microparticles Confers Changes in Spinacia oleracea L</title><title>Sustainability</title><description>Drought and low amounts of mineral nutrients in the soil are the two leading global constraints in arid and semiarid regions. Their detrimental effects on soils and crops can be alleviated by applying controlled release and biodegradable fertilizers to better and sustain the crops. On a global scale, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an essential leafy green vegetable that is biologically considered a reliable source of essential nutrients and minerals for human health. A comprehensive approach is needed to manage water stress to mitigate the impacts of stress-caused damage and to examine this for better and increased plant production. An experiment was conducted using potassium-nitrate-containing chitosan/montmorillonite microparticles (150 mg) under mild and severe drought stress (MDS: 50% and SDS: 35% FC, respectively). The treatments include control (no KNO3 and 70% FC as normal irrigation (NI)), KNO3 + NI, 50% FC as mild drought stress (MDS), KNO3 + MDS, 35% FC as severe drought stress (SDS) and KNO3 + SDS. Results revealed that drought stress decreased all studied physiological parameters and increased oxidative stress indicators in spinach. Applying KN significantly increased root (122%) and shoot length (4%), shoot fresh weight (32%) and shoot dry weight (71%), chlorophyll a (88%), carotenoids (39%), total soluble proteins (50%), soluble sugars (51%), potassium (80%), and phosphorous (32%) concentrations over No KN at severe drought. While stress indicators, like glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbic acid levels, were increased in stress. Treatment KN was proved efficient and effective in improving spinach physiological status in both MDS and SDS.</description><subject>Agricultural production</subject><subject>Ascorbic acid</subject><subject>Biodegradability</subject><subject>Biodegradation</subject><subject>Biomass</subject><subject>Carotenoids</subject><subject>Chitosan</subject><subject>Chlorophyll</subject><subject>Controlled release</subject><subject>Crops</subject><subject>Dietary minerals</subject><subject>Drought</subject><subject>Electrolyte leakage</subject><subject>Essential nutrients</subject><subject>Fertilizers</subject><subject>Glycine</subject><subject>Glycine betaine</subject><subject>Hydrogen peroxide</subject><subject>Impact damage</subject><subject>Indicators</subject><subject>Irrigation</subject><subject>Malondialdehyde</subject><subject>Minerals</subject><subject>Montmorillonite</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Oxidative stress</subject><subject>Peroxidase</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Plant production</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Semiarid lands</subject><subject>Spinach</subject><subject>Spinacia oleracea</subject><subject>Sugar</subject><subject>Superoxide dismutase</subject><subject>Water management</subject><subject>Water stress</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkNtKAzEQhoMoWGpvfIKAd8LaHJrN5rLUI7QqVK-X7O5sm7JN1iQr9BF8ayMVdG7-meGfGeZD6JKSG84VmYaBciqVIvwEjRiRNKNEkNN_-TmahLAjKTiniuYj9HXr3bDZRryOHkLA866DT6OjcRZXB_zqog7BDPvs2USvI2QLZ6M21tgNXmxNdEHb6Sr19s6brnPWRMArU3vXax9N3UHAaaQFn3Sr7SbVxuJ1b6yujcauA69r0Hh5gc5a3QWY_OoYvd_fvS0es-XLw9NivsxqpkTM6qYVhEkCmuazqipAtA0rVME45LJW7QxmXEqhmAQiGkm1oC3loipylfNGSj5GV8e9vXcfA4RY7tzgbTpZMiGpSCRzllzXR1f6JAQPbdl7s9f-UFJS_tAu_2jzb57fc8Q</recordid><startdate>20210901</startdate><enddate>20210901</enddate><creator>Bukhari, Syed Abu Bakr Haider</creator><creator>Lalarukh, Irfana</creator><creator>Amjad, Syeda Fasiha</creator><creator>Mansoora, Nida</creator><creator>Naz, Maliha</creator><creator>Naeem, Muhammad</creator><creator>Bukhari, Syeda Aqsa</creator><creator>Shahbaz, Muhammad</creator><creator>Ali, Saleha Ahmad</creator><creator>Marfo, Theodore Danso</creator><creator>Danish, Subhan</creator><creator>Datta, Rahul</creator><creator>Fahad, Shah</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-5470</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7525-0296</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9001-2555</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-5160</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-7551</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-6207</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210901</creationdate><title>Drought Stress Alleviation by Potassium-Nitrate-Containing Chitosan/Montmorillonite Microparticles Confers Changes in Spinacia oleracea L</title><author>Bukhari, Syed Abu Bakr Haider ; 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Their detrimental effects on soils and crops can be alleviated by applying controlled release and biodegradable fertilizers to better and sustain the crops. On a global scale, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an essential leafy green vegetable that is biologically considered a reliable source of essential nutrients and minerals for human health. A comprehensive approach is needed to manage water stress to mitigate the impacts of stress-caused damage and to examine this for better and increased plant production. An experiment was conducted using potassium-nitrate-containing chitosan/montmorillonite microparticles (150 mg) under mild and severe drought stress (MDS: 50% and SDS: 35% FC, respectively). The treatments include control (no KNO3 and 70% FC as normal irrigation (NI)), KNO3 + NI, 50% FC as mild drought stress (MDS), KNO3 + MDS, 35% FC as severe drought stress (SDS) and KNO3 + SDS. Results revealed that drought stress decreased all studied physiological parameters and increased oxidative stress indicators in spinach. Applying KN significantly increased root (122%) and shoot length (4%), shoot fresh weight (32%) and shoot dry weight (71%), chlorophyll a (88%), carotenoids (39%), total soluble proteins (50%), soluble sugars (51%), potassium (80%), and phosphorous (32%) concentrations over No KN at severe drought. While stress indicators, like glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbic acid levels, were increased in stress. 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subjects | Agricultural production Ascorbic acid Biodegradability Biodegradation Biomass Carotenoids Chitosan Chlorophyll Controlled release Crops Dietary minerals Drought Electrolyte leakage Essential nutrients Fertilizers Glycine Glycine betaine Hydrogen peroxide Impact damage Indicators Irrigation Malondialdehyde Minerals Montmorillonite Nutrients Oxidative stress Peroxidase Physiology Plant production Potassium Rain Seeds Semiarid lands Spinach Spinacia oleracea Sugar Superoxide dismutase Water management Water stress |
title | Drought Stress Alleviation by Potassium-Nitrate-Containing Chitosan/Montmorillonite Microparticles Confers Changes in Spinacia oleracea L |
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