Effect of Organic Amendments on the Growth of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis)
Aqularia malaccensis or commonly known as ‘Gaharu’ is famous for its heartwood that is fragrant and highly valuable. Since 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has reported a decline in the A. malaccensis population caused by agricultural and heartwood activities. Reforest...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science 2021-08, Vol.842 (1), p.12078 |
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| creator | Mohamad Amir Hamzah, A S Abdul Karim, M F Wong, H L Hambali, K A Mohd Yusoff, M N Amaludin, N A Leong, M C Abas, M A Hassin, N H Ismail, L Amir, A |
| description | Aqularia malaccensis
or commonly known as ‘Gaharu’ is famous for its heartwood that is fragrant and highly valuable. Since 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has reported a decline in the
A. malaccensis
population caused by agricultural and heartwood activities. Reforestation and transplanting of the
A. malaccensis
is essential to preserve the genetic diversity at the species level. Previous studies on the production growth of
A. malaccensis
have been focussing on using different types and fertilizer regimes to enhance its growth for conservation and restoration effort. However, knowledge on the potential of enhancing the growth of
A. malaccensis
using soil amendments derived from organic sources is limited. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effect of organic soil amendments derived from four different sources on the growth of
A. malaccensis
. Saplings of
A. malaccensis
were employed in a glasshouse experiment following a complete randomized block design with 5 treatments × 4 replicates to ensure validity and minimise variability within treatments. The five treatments were saplings grown with no addition of organic amendments serving as control (C), forest litter (FL), chicken manure (CM), insect frass (IF) and empty fruit bunch mixed with
Azolla sp.
(EFBA). The saplings grown in polybags were placed randomly on a 9 x 9 grid within the nursery, 0.2 m apart and watered daily using an automatic sprinkler system. Physical characteristics of the saplings and other environmental parameters were measured. The saplings of
A. malaccensis
increased in mean height when grown in soil amended with CM, IF and EFBA. In contrast, there were no significant effect of organic amendments of plant stem diameter, number of shoots and leaves. In addition, the stem diameter for saplings grown in soil with organic amendments were weakly and negatively correlated to soil temperature. This study indicated that that the organic soil amendments derived from different sources had a significant role in the plant’s resource allocation during the saplings stage. Further studies on the plant, organic amendments and soil physicochemical traits are needed to explain the interaction between these components for the better conservation effort. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1088/1755-1315/842/1/012078 |
| format | Article |
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or commonly known as ‘Gaharu’ is famous for its heartwood that is fragrant and highly valuable. Since 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has reported a decline in the
A. malaccensis
population caused by agricultural and heartwood activities. Reforestation and transplanting of the
A. malaccensis
is essential to preserve the genetic diversity at the species level. Previous studies on the production growth of
A. malaccensis
have been focussing on using different types and fertilizer regimes to enhance its growth for conservation and restoration effort. However, knowledge on the potential of enhancing the growth of
A. malaccensis
using soil amendments derived from organic sources is limited. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effect of organic soil amendments derived from four different sources on the growth of
A. malaccensis
. Saplings of
A. malaccensis
were employed in a glasshouse experiment following a complete randomized block design with 5 treatments × 4 replicates to ensure validity and minimise variability within treatments. The five treatments were saplings grown with no addition of organic amendments serving as control (C), forest litter (FL), chicken manure (CM), insect frass (IF) and empty fruit bunch mixed with
Azolla sp.
(EFBA). The saplings grown in polybags were placed randomly on a 9 x 9 grid within the nursery, 0.2 m apart and watered daily using an automatic sprinkler system. Physical characteristics of the saplings and other environmental parameters were measured. The saplings of
A. malaccensis
increased in mean height when grown in soil amended with CM, IF and EFBA. In contrast, there were no significant effect of organic amendments of plant stem diameter, number of shoots and leaves. In addition, the stem diameter for saplings grown in soil with organic amendments were weakly and negatively correlated to soil temperature. This study indicated that that the organic soil amendments derived from different sources had a significant role in the plant’s resource allocation during the saplings stage. Further studies on the plant, organic amendments and soil physicochemical traits are needed to explain the interaction between these components for the better conservation effort.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1755-1307</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1755-1315</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/842/1/012078</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bristol: IOP Publishing</publisher><subject>Aquilaria malaccensis ; Conservation ; Diameters ; Fertilizers ; Genetic diversity ; Greenhouses ; Insects ; Nature conservation ; Organic soils ; Physical characteristics ; Physical properties ; Population decline ; Poultry manure ; Reforestation ; Resource allocation ; Shoots ; Soil amendment ; Soil temperature ; Species diversity ; Sprinkler systems ; Stems</subject><ispartof>IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science, 2021-08, Vol.842 (1), p.12078</ispartof><rights>Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd</rights><rights>2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3228-43d3548cafeb4d630b52a37402e4e1a60083657a3a708931a3810dd364f95e7f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3228-43d3548cafeb4d630b52a37402e4e1a60083657a3a708931a3810dd364f95e7f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/842/1/012078/pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Giop$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,38845,38867,53815,53842</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mohamad Amir Hamzah, A S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdul Karim, M F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wong, H L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hambali, K A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohd Yusoff, M N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amaludin, N A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leong, M C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abas, M A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hassin, N H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ismail, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amir, A</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Organic Amendments on the Growth of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis)</title><title>IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science</title><addtitle>IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci</addtitle><description>Aqularia malaccensis
or commonly known as ‘Gaharu’ is famous for its heartwood that is fragrant and highly valuable. Since 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has reported a decline in the
A. malaccensis
population caused by agricultural and heartwood activities. Reforestation and transplanting of the
A. malaccensis
is essential to preserve the genetic diversity at the species level. Previous studies on the production growth of
A. malaccensis
have been focussing on using different types and fertilizer regimes to enhance its growth for conservation and restoration effort. However, knowledge on the potential of enhancing the growth of
A. malaccensis
using soil amendments derived from organic sources is limited. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effect of organic soil amendments derived from four different sources on the growth of
A. malaccensis
. Saplings of
A. malaccensis
were employed in a glasshouse experiment following a complete randomized block design with 5 treatments × 4 replicates to ensure validity and minimise variability within treatments. The five treatments were saplings grown with no addition of organic amendments serving as control (C), forest litter (FL), chicken manure (CM), insect frass (IF) and empty fruit bunch mixed with
Azolla sp.
(EFBA). The saplings grown in polybags were placed randomly on a 9 x 9 grid within the nursery, 0.2 m apart and watered daily using an automatic sprinkler system. Physical characteristics of the saplings and other environmental parameters were measured. The saplings of
A. malaccensis
increased in mean height when grown in soil amended with CM, IF and EFBA. In contrast, there were no significant effect of organic amendments of plant stem diameter, number of shoots and leaves. In addition, the stem diameter for saplings grown in soil with organic amendments were weakly and negatively correlated to soil temperature. This study indicated that that the organic soil amendments derived from different sources had a significant role in the plant’s resource allocation during the saplings stage. Further studies on the plant, organic amendments and soil physicochemical traits are needed to explain the interaction between these components for the better conservation effort.</description><subject>Aquilaria malaccensis</subject><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Diameters</subject><subject>Fertilizers</subject><subject>Genetic diversity</subject><subject>Greenhouses</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>Nature conservation</subject><subject>Organic soils</subject><subject>Physical characteristics</subject><subject>Physical properties</subject><subject>Population decline</subject><subject>Poultry manure</subject><subject>Reforestation</subject><subject>Resource allocation</subject><subject>Shoots</subject><subject>Soil amendment</subject><subject>Soil temperature</subject><subject>Species diversity</subject><subject>Sprinkler systems</subject><subject>Stems</subject><issn>1755-1307</issn><issn>1755-1315</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>O3W</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkF1LwzAUhoMoOKd_QQLezIvafDbp5Rh1CoNdqNfhrE1cx9Z2SYv4722pTATBi3ACec57ch6Ebil5oETrmCopI8qpjLVgMY0JZUTpMzQ5PZyf7kRdoqsQdoQkSvB0glaZczZvce3w2r9DVeZ4frBV0Z824LrC7dbipa8_2u3ALGELvsOz-bEr9-BLwAfYQ57bKpTh_hpdONgHe_Ndp-jtMXtdPEWr9fJ5MV9FOWdMR4IXXAqdg7MbUSScbCQDrgRhVlgKCSGaJ1IBB0V0yilwTUlR8ES4VFrl-BTdjbmNr4-dDa3Z1Z2v-pGGySTtV9Mp7alkpHJfh-CtM40vD-A_DSVmMGcGKWYQZHpzhprRXN84GxvLuvlJzrKXX5hpiuEn7A_0n_wvu5x6Xw</recordid><startdate>20210801</startdate><enddate>20210801</enddate><creator>Mohamad Amir Hamzah, A S</creator><creator>Abdul Karim, M F</creator><creator>Wong, H L</creator><creator>Hambali, K A</creator><creator>Mohd Yusoff, M N</creator><creator>Amaludin, N A</creator><creator>Leong, M C</creator><creator>Abas, M A</creator><creator>Hassin, N H</creator><creator>Ismail, L</creator><creator>Amir, A</creator><general>IOP Publishing</general><scope>O3W</scope><scope>TSCCA</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210801</creationdate><title>Effect of Organic Amendments on the Growth of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis)</title><author>Mohamad Amir Hamzah, A S ; Abdul Karim, M F ; Wong, H L ; Hambali, K A ; Mohd Yusoff, M N ; Amaludin, N A ; Leong, M C ; Abas, M A ; Hassin, N H ; Ismail, L ; Amir, A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3228-43d3548cafeb4d630b52a37402e4e1a60083657a3a708931a3810dd364f95e7f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Aquilaria malaccensis</topic><topic>Conservation</topic><topic>Diameters</topic><topic>Fertilizers</topic><topic>Genetic diversity</topic><topic>Greenhouses</topic><topic>Insects</topic><topic>Nature conservation</topic><topic>Organic soils</topic><topic>Physical characteristics</topic><topic>Physical properties</topic><topic>Population decline</topic><topic>Poultry manure</topic><topic>Reforestation</topic><topic>Resource allocation</topic><topic>Shoots</topic><topic>Soil amendment</topic><topic>Soil temperature</topic><topic>Species diversity</topic><topic>Sprinkler systems</topic><topic>Stems</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mohamad Amir Hamzah, A S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdul Karim, M F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wong, H L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hambali, K A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohd Yusoff, M N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amaludin, N A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leong, M C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abas, M A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hassin, N H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ismail, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amir, A</creatorcontrib><collection>IOP Publishing Free Content</collection><collection>IOPscience (Open Access)</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><jtitle>IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mohamad Amir Hamzah, A S</au><au>Abdul Karim, M F</au><au>Wong, H L</au><au>Hambali, K A</au><au>Mohd Yusoff, M N</au><au>Amaludin, N A</au><au>Leong, M C</au><au>Abas, M A</au><au>Hassin, N H</au><au>Ismail, L</au><au>Amir, A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Organic Amendments on the Growth of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis)</atitle><jtitle>IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science</jtitle><addtitle>IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci</addtitle><date>2021-08-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>842</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>12078</spage><pages>12078-</pages><issn>1755-1307</issn><eissn>1755-1315</eissn><abstract>Aqularia malaccensis
or commonly known as ‘Gaharu’ is famous for its heartwood that is fragrant and highly valuable. Since 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has reported a decline in the
A. malaccensis
population caused by agricultural and heartwood activities. Reforestation and transplanting of the
A. malaccensis
is essential to preserve the genetic diversity at the species level. Previous studies on the production growth of
A. malaccensis
have been focussing on using different types and fertilizer regimes to enhance its growth for conservation and restoration effort. However, knowledge on the potential of enhancing the growth of
A. malaccensis
using soil amendments derived from organic sources is limited. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effect of organic soil amendments derived from four different sources on the growth of
A. malaccensis
. Saplings of
A. malaccensis
were employed in a glasshouse experiment following a complete randomized block design with 5 treatments × 4 replicates to ensure validity and minimise variability within treatments. The five treatments were saplings grown with no addition of organic amendments serving as control (C), forest litter (FL), chicken manure (CM), insect frass (IF) and empty fruit bunch mixed with
Azolla sp.
(EFBA). The saplings grown in polybags were placed randomly on a 9 x 9 grid within the nursery, 0.2 m apart and watered daily using an automatic sprinkler system. Physical characteristics of the saplings and other environmental parameters were measured. The saplings of
A. malaccensis
increased in mean height when grown in soil amended with CM, IF and EFBA. In contrast, there were no significant effect of organic amendments of plant stem diameter, number of shoots and leaves. In addition, the stem diameter for saplings grown in soil with organic amendments were weakly and negatively correlated to soil temperature. This study indicated that that the organic soil amendments derived from different sources had a significant role in the plant’s resource allocation during the saplings stage. Further studies on the plant, organic amendments and soil physicochemical traits are needed to explain the interaction between these components for the better conservation effort.</abstract><cop>Bristol</cop><pub>IOP Publishing</pub><doi>10.1088/1755-1315/842/1/012078</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Institute of Physics IOPscience extra; IOP Publishing Free Content; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Aquilaria malaccensis Conservation Diameters Fertilizers Genetic diversity Greenhouses Insects Nature conservation Organic soils Physical characteristics Physical properties Population decline Poultry manure Reforestation Resource allocation Shoots Soil amendment Soil temperature Species diversity Sprinkler systems Stems |
| title | Effect of Organic Amendments on the Growth of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis) |
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