Conversion of bio-jet fuel from palm kernel oil and its blending effect with jet A-1 fuel
•Bio-jet fuel is produced from palm kernel oil catalyzed deoxygenation process.•20–40 vol% of bio-jet fuel in Jet A-1 fuel yielded the most favorable jet paraffins.•20 vol% of Pd/C catalyzed fuel in Jet A-1 fuel is comparable to Jet A-1 standard.•Pure bio-jet fuel derived by Pd/C emitted the smalles...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Energy conversion and management 2021-09, Vol.243, p.114311, Article 114311 |
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| creator | Why, Elaine Siew Kuan Ong, Hwai Chyuan Lee, Hwei Voon Chen, Wei-Hsin Asikin-Mijan, N. Varman, Mahendra |
| description | •Bio-jet fuel is produced from palm kernel oil catalyzed deoxygenation process.•20–40 vol% of bio-jet fuel in Jet A-1 fuel yielded the most favorable jet paraffins.•20 vol% of Pd/C catalyzed fuel in Jet A-1 fuel is comparable to Jet A-1 standard.•Pure bio-jet fuel derived by Pd/C emitted the smallest soot size (31.8 nm).
The development of bio-jet fuel helps to sustain the demand of air transportation, and reduces the dependency on fossil fuel usage. It is noted that different blending ratio of bio-jet fuel to Jet A-1 fuel can effectively affect the final composition and characteristics of the overall fuel. This work aims to study the effect of bio-jet fuel blends that were derived from palm kernel oil via deoxygenation process. The product yield and selectivity of the bio-jet fuel were investigated based on two types of commercial catalysts (e.g., Pd/C and V2O5). Besides, the characteristics of bio-jet fuel produced and its blending ratio to Jet A-1 fuel (e.g., 20 vol%, 40 vol%, 60 vol%, 80 vol%) were further tested. The deoxygenation study indicated that palm kernel oil and Pd/C catalyst at 8 wt% were found to be the most favorable pair of feedstock and catalyst (i.e., ~96% yield of liquid product, 73% jet paraffin selectivity). Besides, the blending study indicated that 20 vol% of palm kernel oil-derived bio-jet fuel blended in Jet A-1 fuel was concluded as the most promising ratio. This is because it exhibited the most favorable low temperature fluidity, by having good amount of isoparaffin to lower the tendency of crystallization process during low temperature. Besides, it also showed good combustion characteristics, due to fair amount of oxygenates and aromatics. Thus, oxidation and soot emission were hindered during fuel combustion. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114311 |
| format | Article |
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The development of bio-jet fuel helps to sustain the demand of air transportation, and reduces the dependency on fossil fuel usage. It is noted that different blending ratio of bio-jet fuel to Jet A-1 fuel can effectively affect the final composition and characteristics of the overall fuel. This work aims to study the effect of bio-jet fuel blends that were derived from palm kernel oil via deoxygenation process. The product yield and selectivity of the bio-jet fuel were investigated based on two types of commercial catalysts (e.g., Pd/C and V2O5). Besides, the characteristics of bio-jet fuel produced and its blending ratio to Jet A-1 fuel (e.g., 20 vol%, 40 vol%, 60 vol%, 80 vol%) were further tested. The deoxygenation study indicated that palm kernel oil and Pd/C catalyst at 8 wt% were found to be the most favorable pair of feedstock and catalyst (i.e., ~96% yield of liquid product, 73% jet paraffin selectivity). Besides, the blending study indicated that 20 vol% of palm kernel oil-derived bio-jet fuel blended in Jet A-1 fuel was concluded as the most promising ratio. This is because it exhibited the most favorable low temperature fluidity, by having good amount of isoparaffin to lower the tendency of crystallization process during low temperature. Besides, it also showed good combustion characteristics, due to fair amount of oxygenates and aromatics. Thus, oxidation and soot emission were hindered during fuel combustion.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0196-8904</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-2227</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114311</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Air transportation ; Aircraft ; Alternative energy ; Aromatic compounds ; Bio-jet fuel ; Biofuels ; Blending effects ; Catalysts ; Combustion ; Crystallization ; Deoxygenation ; Fluidity ; Fossil fuels ; Fuel combustion ; Jet engine fuels ; Jet fuel paraffins ; Kernels ; Low temperature ; Oxidation ; Palm kernel oil ; Paraffin ; Paraffins ; Selectivity ; Soot ; Thermal-cracking ; Vanadium pentoxide</subject><ispartof>Energy conversion and management, 2021-09, Vol.243, p.114311, Article 114311</ispartof><rights>2021 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Sep 1, 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c340t-4543b1cfa438c5859427f644a65af911d708f9684c252f194e16080eab1389e83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c340t-4543b1cfa438c5859427f644a65af911d708f9684c252f194e16080eab1389e83</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5009-3960</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114311$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Why, Elaine Siew Kuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ong, Hwai Chyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Hwei Voon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Wei-Hsin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asikin-Mijan, N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varman, Mahendra</creatorcontrib><title>Conversion of bio-jet fuel from palm kernel oil and its blending effect with jet A-1 fuel</title><title>Energy conversion and management</title><description>•Bio-jet fuel is produced from palm kernel oil catalyzed deoxygenation process.•20–40 vol% of bio-jet fuel in Jet A-1 fuel yielded the most favorable jet paraffins.•20 vol% of Pd/C catalyzed fuel in Jet A-1 fuel is comparable to Jet A-1 standard.•Pure bio-jet fuel derived by Pd/C emitted the smallest soot size (31.8 nm).
The development of bio-jet fuel helps to sustain the demand of air transportation, and reduces the dependency on fossil fuel usage. It is noted that different blending ratio of bio-jet fuel to Jet A-1 fuel can effectively affect the final composition and characteristics of the overall fuel. This work aims to study the effect of bio-jet fuel blends that were derived from palm kernel oil via deoxygenation process. The product yield and selectivity of the bio-jet fuel were investigated based on two types of commercial catalysts (e.g., Pd/C and V2O5). Besides, the characteristics of bio-jet fuel produced and its blending ratio to Jet A-1 fuel (e.g., 20 vol%, 40 vol%, 60 vol%, 80 vol%) were further tested. The deoxygenation study indicated that palm kernel oil and Pd/C catalyst at 8 wt% were found to be the most favorable pair of feedstock and catalyst (i.e., ~96% yield of liquid product, 73% jet paraffin selectivity). Besides, the blending study indicated that 20 vol% of palm kernel oil-derived bio-jet fuel blended in Jet A-1 fuel was concluded as the most promising ratio. This is because it exhibited the most favorable low temperature fluidity, by having good amount of isoparaffin to lower the tendency of crystallization process during low temperature. Besides, it also showed good combustion characteristics, due to fair amount of oxygenates and aromatics. Thus, oxidation and soot emission were hindered during fuel combustion.</description><subject>Air transportation</subject><subject>Aircraft</subject><subject>Alternative energy</subject><subject>Aromatic compounds</subject><subject>Bio-jet fuel</subject><subject>Biofuels</subject><subject>Blending effects</subject><subject>Catalysts</subject><subject>Combustion</subject><subject>Crystallization</subject><subject>Deoxygenation</subject><subject>Fluidity</subject><subject>Fossil fuels</subject><subject>Fuel combustion</subject><subject>Jet engine fuels</subject><subject>Jet fuel paraffins</subject><subject>Kernels</subject><subject>Low temperature</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Palm kernel oil</subject><subject>Paraffin</subject><subject>Paraffins</subject><subject>Selectivity</subject><subject>Soot</subject><subject>Thermal-cracking</subject><subject>Vanadium pentoxide</subject><issn>0196-8904</issn><issn>1879-2227</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkE1LxDAQhoMouK7-BQl47ppJ0zS9uSx-geBFD55C2k40tZusSXfFf2_X6tnTwPA-7zAPIefAFsBAXnYL9E3wa-MXnHFYAIgc4IDMQJVVxjkvD8mMQSUzVTFxTE5S6hhjecHkjLysgt9hTC54GiytXcg6HKjdYk9tDGu6Mf2avmP04yK4nhrfUjckWvfoW-dfKVqLzUA_3fBG9-gygx_8lBxZ0yc8-51z8nxz_bS6yx4eb-9Xy4esyQUbMlGIvIbGGpGrplBFJXhppRBGFsZWAG3JlK2kEg0vuIVKIEimGJoaclWhyufkYurdxPCxxTToLmyjH09qXkiVMwkgx5ScUk0MKUW0ehPd2sQvDUzvNepO_2nUe4160jiCVxOI4w87h1Gnxo1JbF0c_9ZtcP9VfAP-unyG</recordid><startdate>20210901</startdate><enddate>20210901</enddate><creator>Why, Elaine Siew Kuan</creator><creator>Ong, Hwai Chyuan</creator><creator>Lee, Hwei Voon</creator><creator>Chen, Wei-Hsin</creator><creator>Asikin-Mijan, N.</creator><creator>Varman, Mahendra</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier Science Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5009-3960</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210901</creationdate><title>Conversion of bio-jet fuel from palm kernel oil and its blending effect with jet A-1 fuel</title><author>Why, Elaine Siew Kuan ; Ong, Hwai Chyuan ; Lee, Hwei Voon ; Chen, Wei-Hsin ; Asikin-Mijan, N. ; Varman, Mahendra</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c340t-4543b1cfa438c5859427f644a65af911d708f9684c252f194e16080eab1389e83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Air transportation</topic><topic>Aircraft</topic><topic>Alternative energy</topic><topic>Aromatic compounds</topic><topic>Bio-jet fuel</topic><topic>Biofuels</topic><topic>Blending effects</topic><topic>Catalysts</topic><topic>Combustion</topic><topic>Crystallization</topic><topic>Deoxygenation</topic><topic>Fluidity</topic><topic>Fossil fuels</topic><topic>Fuel combustion</topic><topic>Jet engine fuels</topic><topic>Jet fuel paraffins</topic><topic>Kernels</topic><topic>Low temperature</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Palm kernel oil</topic><topic>Paraffin</topic><topic>Paraffins</topic><topic>Selectivity</topic><topic>Soot</topic><topic>Thermal-cracking</topic><topic>Vanadium pentoxide</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Why, Elaine Siew Kuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ong, Hwai Chyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Hwei Voon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Wei-Hsin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asikin-Mijan, N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varman, Mahendra</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Energy conversion and management</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Why, Elaine Siew Kuan</au><au>Ong, Hwai Chyuan</au><au>Lee, Hwei Voon</au><au>Chen, Wei-Hsin</au><au>Asikin-Mijan, N.</au><au>Varman, Mahendra</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Conversion of bio-jet fuel from palm kernel oil and its blending effect with jet A-1 fuel</atitle><jtitle>Energy conversion and management</jtitle><date>2021-09-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>243</volume><spage>114311</spage><pages>114311-</pages><artnum>114311</artnum><issn>0196-8904</issn><eissn>1879-2227</eissn><abstract>•Bio-jet fuel is produced from palm kernel oil catalyzed deoxygenation process.•20–40 vol% of bio-jet fuel in Jet A-1 fuel yielded the most favorable jet paraffins.•20 vol% of Pd/C catalyzed fuel in Jet A-1 fuel is comparable to Jet A-1 standard.•Pure bio-jet fuel derived by Pd/C emitted the smallest soot size (31.8 nm).
The development of bio-jet fuel helps to sustain the demand of air transportation, and reduces the dependency on fossil fuel usage. It is noted that different blending ratio of bio-jet fuel to Jet A-1 fuel can effectively affect the final composition and characteristics of the overall fuel. This work aims to study the effect of bio-jet fuel blends that were derived from palm kernel oil via deoxygenation process. The product yield and selectivity of the bio-jet fuel were investigated based on two types of commercial catalysts (e.g., Pd/C and V2O5). Besides, the characteristics of bio-jet fuel produced and its blending ratio to Jet A-1 fuel (e.g., 20 vol%, 40 vol%, 60 vol%, 80 vol%) were further tested. The deoxygenation study indicated that palm kernel oil and Pd/C catalyst at 8 wt% were found to be the most favorable pair of feedstock and catalyst (i.e., ~96% yield of liquid product, 73% jet paraffin selectivity). Besides, the blending study indicated that 20 vol% of palm kernel oil-derived bio-jet fuel blended in Jet A-1 fuel was concluded as the most promising ratio. This is because it exhibited the most favorable low temperature fluidity, by having good amount of isoparaffin to lower the tendency of crystallization process during low temperature. Besides, it also showed good combustion characteristics, due to fair amount of oxygenates and aromatics. Thus, oxidation and soot emission were hindered during fuel combustion.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><doi>10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114311</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5009-3960</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| source | ScienceDirect Journals (5 years ago - present) |
| subjects | Air transportation Aircraft Alternative energy Aromatic compounds Bio-jet fuel Biofuels Blending effects Catalysts Combustion Crystallization Deoxygenation Fluidity Fossil fuels Fuel combustion Jet engine fuels Jet fuel paraffins Kernels Low temperature Oxidation Palm kernel oil Paraffin Paraffins Selectivity Soot Thermal-cracking Vanadium pentoxide |
| title | Conversion of bio-jet fuel from palm kernel oil and its blending effect with jet A-1 fuel |
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