Dietary EPA‐Enriched Phospholipids Alleviate Chronic Stress and LPS‐Induced Depression‐ and Anxiety‐Like Behavior by Regulating Immunity and Neuroinflammation
Scope A growing number of studies have reported the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and terrestrial phospholipids on ameliorating mood disorders. Marine‐derived EPA‐enriched phospholipids (EPA‐PL) exhibit the structural characteristics of EPA and phospholipids. However, the effect of dietary...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Molecular nutrition & food research 2021-09, Vol.65 (17), p.e2100009-n/a |
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| creator | Wang, Cheng‐Cheng Du, Lei Shi, Hao‐Hao Ding, Lin Yanagita, Teruyoshi Xue, Chang‐Hu Wang, Yu‐Ming Zhang, Tian‐Tian |
| description | Scope
A growing number of studies have reported the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and terrestrial phospholipids on ameliorating mood disorders. Marine‐derived EPA‐enriched phospholipids (EPA‐PL) exhibit the structural characteristics of EPA and phospholipids. However, the effect of dietary EPA‐PL, and the differences between amphiphilic EPA‐PL and lyophobic EPA on mood disorders had not been studied.
Methods and Results
A comparative investigation to determine the effects of dietary EPA‐enriched ethyl ester (EPA‐EE) and EPA‐PL on improving depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior in a mouse model is performed, induced by 4 week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) coupled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. It is found that dietary 4 week 0.6% (w/w) EPA‐PL rescued depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior to a greater extent than did EPA‐EE. Moreover, dietary EPA‐PL significantly reduced the immobility time by 56.6%, close to the normal level, in forced swimming test, which revealed a reversal of depression‐like behavior. Further studies revealed that dietary EPA‐PL regulated immunity, monoamine systems, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis by multi‐target interactions, including inhibition of neuroinflammation and apoptosis.
Conclusion
EPA‐PL exerted superior effects to EPA‐EE in alleviating depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior. The data suggest potential novel candidate or targeted dietary patterns to prevent and treat mood disorder.
Comparatively investigated the effects of dietary EPA‐EE and EPA‐PL on improving depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior in a mouse model, induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) couple with LPS challenge. The results reveal that EPA‐PL exerts superior effects to EPA‐EE in alleviating depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior by regulating immunity and neuroinflammation, monoamine systems, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/mnfr.202100009 |
| format | Article |
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A growing number of studies have reported the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and terrestrial phospholipids on ameliorating mood disorders. Marine‐derived EPA‐enriched phospholipids (EPA‐PL) exhibit the structural characteristics of EPA and phospholipids. However, the effect of dietary EPA‐PL, and the differences between amphiphilic EPA‐PL and lyophobic EPA on mood disorders had not been studied.
Methods and Results
A comparative investigation to determine the effects of dietary EPA‐enriched ethyl ester (EPA‐EE) and EPA‐PL on improving depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior in a mouse model is performed, induced by 4 week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) coupled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. It is found that dietary 4 week 0.6% (w/w) EPA‐PL rescued depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior to a greater extent than did EPA‐EE. Moreover, dietary EPA‐PL significantly reduced the immobility time by 56.6%, close to the normal level, in forced swimming test, which revealed a reversal of depression‐like behavior. Further studies revealed that dietary EPA‐PL regulated immunity, monoamine systems, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis by multi‐target interactions, including inhibition of neuroinflammation and apoptosis.
Conclusion
EPA‐PL exerted superior effects to EPA‐EE in alleviating depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior. The data suggest potential novel candidate or targeted dietary patterns to prevent and treat mood disorder.
Comparatively investigated the effects of dietary EPA‐EE and EPA‐PL on improving depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior in a mouse model, induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) couple with LPS challenge. The results reveal that EPA‐PL exerts superior effects to EPA‐EE in alleviating depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior by regulating immunity and neuroinflammation, monoamine systems, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1613-4125</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1613-4133</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100009</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34219360</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Germany: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Anxiety ; Anxiety - chemically induced ; Anxiety - diet therapy ; Apoptosis ; Behavior, Animal - drug effects ; Brain - drug effects ; Brain - metabolism ; Brain - pathology ; Corticosterone - blood ; Depression - chemically induced ; Depression - diet therapy ; Diet ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disorders ; Eicosapentaenoic acid ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid - analogs & derivatives ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid - chemistry ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid - pharmacology ; Emotional disorders ; Enrichment ; Ethyl esters ; glial activation ; HPA axis ; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ; Hypothalamus ; Immunity ; Inflammation ; Kynurenine - metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Lipopolysaccharides - toxicity ; Male ; Mental depression ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; monoamine systems ; Mood ; mood disorder ; Mood disorders ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases - diet therapy ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases - immunology ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases - physiopathology ; Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism ; NLRP3 ; Phospholipids ; Phospholipids - chemistry ; Phospholipids - pharmacology ; Pituitary ; Spleen - drug effects ; Spleen - pathology ; Stress, Psychological - diet therapy ; Stress, Psychological - immunology ; T cell subpopulations ; Terrestrial environments</subject><ispartof>Molecular nutrition & food research, 2021-09, Vol.65 (17), p.e2100009-n/a</ispartof><rights>2021 Wiley‐VCH GmbH</rights><rights>2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3689-3cb0ed5ad84e90445bf9ae06d44ba99c0536738650cf726258be84d6605598bb3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3689-3cb0ed5ad84e90445bf9ae06d44ba99c0536738650cf726258be84d6605598bb3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8173-5575 ; 0000-0002-5162-0408 ; 0000-0002-3397-9900 ; 0000-0003-2310-1456</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fmnfr.202100009$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fmnfr.202100009$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34219360$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Wang, Cheng‐Cheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Hao‐Hao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ding, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yanagita, Teruyoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xue, Chang‐Hu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yu‐Ming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Tian‐Tian</creatorcontrib><title>Dietary EPA‐Enriched Phospholipids Alleviate Chronic Stress and LPS‐Induced Depression‐ and Anxiety‐Like Behavior by Regulating Immunity and Neuroinflammation</title><title>Molecular nutrition & food research</title><addtitle>Mol Nutr Food Res</addtitle><description>Scope
A growing number of studies have reported the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and terrestrial phospholipids on ameliorating mood disorders. Marine‐derived EPA‐enriched phospholipids (EPA‐PL) exhibit the structural characteristics of EPA and phospholipids. However, the effect of dietary EPA‐PL, and the differences between amphiphilic EPA‐PL and lyophobic EPA on mood disorders had not been studied.
Methods and Results
A comparative investigation to determine the effects of dietary EPA‐enriched ethyl ester (EPA‐EE) and EPA‐PL on improving depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior in a mouse model is performed, induced by 4 week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) coupled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. It is found that dietary 4 week 0.6% (w/w) EPA‐PL rescued depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior to a greater extent than did EPA‐EE. Moreover, dietary EPA‐PL significantly reduced the immobility time by 56.6%, close to the normal level, in forced swimming test, which revealed a reversal of depression‐like behavior. Further studies revealed that dietary EPA‐PL regulated immunity, monoamine systems, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis by multi‐target interactions, including inhibition of neuroinflammation and apoptosis.
Conclusion
EPA‐PL exerted superior effects to EPA‐EE in alleviating depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior. The data suggest potential novel candidate or targeted dietary patterns to prevent and treat mood disorder.
Comparatively investigated the effects of dietary EPA‐EE and EPA‐PL on improving depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior in a mouse model, induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) couple with LPS challenge. The results reveal that EPA‐PL exerts superior effects to EPA‐EE in alleviating depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior by regulating immunity and neuroinflammation, monoamine systems, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Anxiety - chemically induced</subject><subject>Anxiety - diet therapy</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal - drug effects</subject><subject>Brain - drug effects</subject><subject>Brain - metabolism</subject><subject>Brain - pathology</subject><subject>Corticosterone - blood</subject><subject>Depression - chemically induced</subject><subject>Depression - diet therapy</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Disease Models, Animal</subject><subject>Disorders</subject><subject>Eicosapentaenoic acid</subject><subject>Eicosapentaenoic Acid - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Eicosapentaenoic Acid - chemistry</subject><subject>Eicosapentaenoic Acid - pharmacology</subject><subject>Emotional disorders</subject><subject>Enrichment</subject><subject>Ethyl esters</subject><subject>glial activation</subject><subject>HPA axis</subject><subject>Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis</subject><subject>Hypothalamus</subject><subject>Immunity</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Kynurenine - metabolism</subject><subject>Lipopolysaccharides</subject><subject>Lipopolysaccharides - toxicity</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mice, Inbred ICR</subject><subject>monoamine systems</subject><subject>Mood</subject><subject>mood disorder</subject><subject>Mood disorders</subject><subject>Neuroinflammatory Diseases - diet therapy</subject><subject>Neuroinflammatory Diseases - immunology</subject><subject>Neuroinflammatory Diseases - physiopathology</subject><subject>Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism</subject><subject>NLRP3</subject><subject>Phospholipids</subject><subject>Phospholipids - chemistry</subject><subject>Phospholipids - pharmacology</subject><subject>Pituitary</subject><subject>Spleen - drug effects</subject><subject>Spleen - pathology</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - diet therapy</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - immunology</subject><subject>T cell subpopulations</subject><subject>Terrestrial environments</subject><issn>1613-4125</issn><issn>1613-4133</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1u1DAUhS0EoqWwZYkssZ7B_xMvh-kURhrKqIV15CQ3jUtip3ZSyI5H4Cl4MJ4ET6fMlpV9fb5zruSD0GtK5pQQ9q5zdZgzwtJAiH6CTqmifCYo50-PdyZP0IsYbwnhlAn-HJ1wwajmipyi3-cWBhMmvN4t__z8tXbBlg1UeNf42De-tb2tIl62LdxbMwBeNcE7W-LrIUCM2LgKb3fXyblx1Vgm4zn0e8V6lx4f9KX7kXZMadzab4DfQ2PurQ-4mPAV3IytGay7wZuuG50dpgfLJYzBW1e3puuS7N1L9Kw2bYRXj-cZ-nqx_rL6ONt-_rBZLbezkqtMz3hZEKikqTIBmgghi1obIKoSojBal0RyteCZkqSsF0wxmRWQiUopIqXOioKfobeH3D74uxHikN_6Mbi0MmdSZTSTmV4kan6gyuBjDFDnfbBd-sWcknxfS76vJT_WkgxvHmPHooPqiP_rIQHiAHy3LUz_ics_XV5cCSI0_wsDeJ60</recordid><startdate>202109</startdate><enddate>202109</enddate><creator>Wang, Cheng‐Cheng</creator><creator>Du, Lei</creator><creator>Shi, Hao‐Hao</creator><creator>Ding, Lin</creator><creator>Yanagita, Teruyoshi</creator><creator>Xue, Chang‐Hu</creator><creator>Wang, Yu‐Ming</creator><creator>Zhang, Tian‐Tian</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>P64</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-5575</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-0408</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-9900</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2310-1456</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202109</creationdate><title>Dietary EPA‐Enriched Phospholipids Alleviate Chronic Stress and LPS‐Induced Depression‐ and Anxiety‐Like Behavior by Regulating Immunity and Neuroinflammation</title><author>Wang, Cheng‐Cheng ; Du, Lei ; Shi, Hao‐Hao ; Ding, Lin ; Yanagita, Teruyoshi ; Xue, Chang‐Hu ; Wang, Yu‐Ming ; Zhang, Tian‐Tian</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3689-3cb0ed5ad84e90445bf9ae06d44ba99c0536738650cf726258be84d6605598bb3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Anxiety - chemically induced</topic><topic>Anxiety - diet therapy</topic><topic>Apoptosis</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal - drug effects</topic><topic>Brain - drug effects</topic><topic>Brain - metabolism</topic><topic>Brain - pathology</topic><topic>Corticosterone - blood</topic><topic>Depression - chemically induced</topic><topic>Depression - diet therapy</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Disease Models, Animal</topic><topic>Disorders</topic><topic>Eicosapentaenoic acid</topic><topic>Eicosapentaenoic Acid - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Eicosapentaenoic Acid - chemistry</topic><topic>Eicosapentaenoic Acid - pharmacology</topic><topic>Emotional disorders</topic><topic>Enrichment</topic><topic>Ethyl esters</topic><topic>glial activation</topic><topic>HPA axis</topic><topic>Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis</topic><topic>Hypothalamus</topic><topic>Immunity</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Kynurenine - metabolism</topic><topic>Lipopolysaccharides</topic><topic>Lipopolysaccharides - toxicity</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mental depression</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mice, Inbred ICR</topic><topic>monoamine systems</topic><topic>Mood</topic><topic>mood disorder</topic><topic>Mood disorders</topic><topic>Neuroinflammatory Diseases - diet therapy</topic><topic>Neuroinflammatory Diseases - immunology</topic><topic>Neuroinflammatory Diseases - physiopathology</topic><topic>Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism</topic><topic>NLRP3</topic><topic>Phospholipids</topic><topic>Phospholipids - chemistry</topic><topic>Phospholipids - pharmacology</topic><topic>Pituitary</topic><topic>Spleen - drug effects</topic><topic>Spleen - pathology</topic><topic>Stress, Psychological - diet therapy</topic><topic>Stress, Psychological - immunology</topic><topic>T cell subpopulations</topic><topic>Terrestrial environments</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Wang, Cheng‐Cheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Hao‐Hao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ding, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yanagita, Teruyoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xue, Chang‐Hu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yu‐Ming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Tian‐Tian</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Molecular nutrition & food research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wang, Cheng‐Cheng</au><au>Du, Lei</au><au>Shi, Hao‐Hao</au><au>Ding, Lin</au><au>Yanagita, Teruyoshi</au><au>Xue, Chang‐Hu</au><au>Wang, Yu‐Ming</au><au>Zhang, Tian‐Tian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Dietary EPA‐Enriched Phospholipids Alleviate Chronic Stress and LPS‐Induced Depression‐ and Anxiety‐Like Behavior by Regulating Immunity and Neuroinflammation</atitle><jtitle>Molecular nutrition & food research</jtitle><addtitle>Mol Nutr Food Res</addtitle><date>2021-09</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>65</volume><issue>17</issue><spage>e2100009</spage><epage>n/a</epage><pages>e2100009-n/a</pages><issn>1613-4125</issn><eissn>1613-4133</eissn><abstract>Scope
A growing number of studies have reported the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and terrestrial phospholipids on ameliorating mood disorders. Marine‐derived EPA‐enriched phospholipids (EPA‐PL) exhibit the structural characteristics of EPA and phospholipids. However, the effect of dietary EPA‐PL, and the differences between amphiphilic EPA‐PL and lyophobic EPA on mood disorders had not been studied.
Methods and Results
A comparative investigation to determine the effects of dietary EPA‐enriched ethyl ester (EPA‐EE) and EPA‐PL on improving depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior in a mouse model is performed, induced by 4 week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) coupled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. It is found that dietary 4 week 0.6% (w/w) EPA‐PL rescued depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior to a greater extent than did EPA‐EE. Moreover, dietary EPA‐PL significantly reduced the immobility time by 56.6%, close to the normal level, in forced swimming test, which revealed a reversal of depression‐like behavior. Further studies revealed that dietary EPA‐PL regulated immunity, monoamine systems, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis by multi‐target interactions, including inhibition of neuroinflammation and apoptosis.
Conclusion
EPA‐PL exerted superior effects to EPA‐EE in alleviating depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior. The data suggest potential novel candidate or targeted dietary patterns to prevent and treat mood disorder.
Comparatively investigated the effects of dietary EPA‐EE and EPA‐PL on improving depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior in a mouse model, induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) couple with LPS challenge. The results reveal that EPA‐PL exerts superior effects to EPA‐EE in alleviating depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior by regulating immunity and neuroinflammation, monoamine systems, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.</abstract><cop>Germany</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>34219360</pmid><doi>10.1002/mnfr.202100009</doi><tpages>17</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-5575</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-0408</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-9900</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2310-1456</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Anxiety Anxiety - chemically induced Anxiety - diet therapy Apoptosis Behavior, Animal - drug effects Brain - drug effects Brain - metabolism Brain - pathology Corticosterone - blood Depression - chemically induced Depression - diet therapy Diet Disease Models, Animal Disorders Eicosapentaenoic acid Eicosapentaenoic Acid - analogs & derivatives Eicosapentaenoic Acid - chemistry Eicosapentaenoic Acid - pharmacology Emotional disorders Enrichment Ethyl esters glial activation HPA axis Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Hypothalamus Immunity Inflammation Kynurenine - metabolism Lipopolysaccharides Lipopolysaccharides - toxicity Male Mental depression Mice Mice, Inbred ICR monoamine systems Mood mood disorder Mood disorders Neuroinflammatory Diseases - diet therapy Neuroinflammatory Diseases - immunology Neuroinflammatory Diseases - physiopathology Neurotransmitter Agents - metabolism NLRP3 Phospholipids Phospholipids - chemistry Phospholipids - pharmacology Pituitary Spleen - drug effects Spleen - pathology Stress, Psychological - diet therapy Stress, Psychological - immunology T cell subpopulations Terrestrial environments |
| title | Dietary EPA‐Enriched Phospholipids Alleviate Chronic Stress and LPS‐Induced Depression‐ and Anxiety‐Like Behavior by Regulating Immunity and Neuroinflammation |
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