Degradation of Bile Acids by Soil and Water Bacteria
Bile acids are surface-active steroid compounds with a C carboxylic side chain at the steroid nucleus. They are produced by vertebrates, mainly functioning as emulsifiers for lipophilic nutrients, as signaling compounds, and as an antimicrobial barrier in the duodenum. Upon excretion into soil and w...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Microorganisms (Basel) 2021-08, Vol.9 (8), p.1759 |
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| creator | Feller, Franziska Maria Holert, Johannes Yücel, Onur Philipp, Bodo |
| description | Bile acids are surface-active steroid compounds with a C
carboxylic side chain at the steroid nucleus. They are produced by vertebrates, mainly functioning as emulsifiers for lipophilic nutrients, as signaling compounds, and as an antimicrobial barrier in the duodenum. Upon excretion into soil and water, bile acids serve as carbon- and energy-rich growth substrates for diverse heterotrophic bacteria. Metabolic pathways for the degradation of bile acids are predominantly studied in individual strains of the genera
,
,
and
. Bile acid degradation is initiated by oxidative reactions of the steroid skeleton at ring A and degradation of the carboxylic side chain before the steroid nucleus is broken down into central metabolic intermediates for biomass and energy production. This review summarizes the current biochemical and genetic knowledge on aerobic and anaerobic degradation of bile acids by soil and water bacteria. In addition, ecological and applied aspects are addressed, including resistance mechanisms against the toxic effects of bile acids. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/microorganisms9081759 |
| format | Article |
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carboxylic side chain at the steroid nucleus. They are produced by vertebrates, mainly functioning as emulsifiers for lipophilic nutrients, as signaling compounds, and as an antimicrobial barrier in the duodenum. Upon excretion into soil and water, bile acids serve as carbon- and energy-rich growth substrates for diverse heterotrophic bacteria. Metabolic pathways for the degradation of bile acids are predominantly studied in individual strains of the genera
,
,
and
. Bile acid degradation is initiated by oxidative reactions of the steroid skeleton at ring A and degradation of the carboxylic side chain before the steroid nucleus is broken down into central metabolic intermediates for biomass and energy production. This review summarizes the current biochemical and genetic knowledge on aerobic and anaerobic degradation of bile acids by soil and water bacteria. In addition, ecological and applied aspects are addressed, including resistance mechanisms against the toxic effects of bile acids.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2076-2607</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2076-2607</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081759</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34442838</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Acidic soils ; Acids ; Antiinfectives and antibacterials ; Bacteria ; bacterial metabolism ; Bile ; Bile acids ; Biodegradation ; Biomass energy production ; Carbon ; Chains ; chenodeoxycholic ; Cholesterol ; cholic ; Dehydrogenases ; deoxycholic ; Duodenum ; Feces ; Genes ; Genomes ; Heterotrophic bacteria ; Intermediates ; Lipophilic ; Metabolic pathways ; Metabolism ; Nutrients ; Oxidation ; Proteins ; Review ; Rhodococcus ; Soil bacteria ; Soil microorganisms ; Soil water ; Soils ; steroid degradation ; Steroids ; Substrates ; Vertebrates</subject><ispartof>Microorganisms (Basel), 2021-08, Vol.9 (8), p.1759</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 by the authors. 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c505t-e4b3f48f88e0bd3ff2a520f012e46c947ae15a5581f4baced268a4d89318320f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c505t-e4b3f48f88e0bd3ff2a520f012e46c947ae15a5581f4baced268a4d89318320f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5056-7887</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8399759/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8399759/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34442838$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Feller, Franziska Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Holert, Johannes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yücel, Onur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Philipp, Bodo</creatorcontrib><title>Degradation of Bile Acids by Soil and Water Bacteria</title><title>Microorganisms (Basel)</title><addtitle>Microorganisms</addtitle><description>Bile acids are surface-active steroid compounds with a C
carboxylic side chain at the steroid nucleus. They are produced by vertebrates, mainly functioning as emulsifiers for lipophilic nutrients, as signaling compounds, and as an antimicrobial barrier in the duodenum. Upon excretion into soil and water, bile acids serve as carbon- and energy-rich growth substrates for diverse heterotrophic bacteria. Metabolic pathways for the degradation of bile acids are predominantly studied in individual strains of the genera
,
,
and
. Bile acid degradation is initiated by oxidative reactions of the steroid skeleton at ring A and degradation of the carboxylic side chain before the steroid nucleus is broken down into central metabolic intermediates for biomass and energy production. This review summarizes the current biochemical and genetic knowledge on aerobic and anaerobic degradation of bile acids by soil and water bacteria. In addition, ecological and applied aspects are addressed, including resistance mechanisms against the toxic effects of bile acids.</description><subject>Acidic soils</subject><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Antiinfectives and antibacterials</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>bacterial metabolism</subject><subject>Bile</subject><subject>Bile acids</subject><subject>Biodegradation</subject><subject>Biomass energy production</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Chains</subject><subject>chenodeoxycholic</subject><subject>Cholesterol</subject><subject>cholic</subject><subject>Dehydrogenases</subject><subject>deoxycholic</subject><subject>Duodenum</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Heterotrophic bacteria</subject><subject>Intermediates</subject><subject>Lipophilic</subject><subject>Metabolic pathways</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Rhodococcus</subject><subject>Soil bacteria</subject><subject>Soil microorganisms</subject><subject>Soil water</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>steroid degradation</subject><subject>Steroids</subject><subject>Substrates</subject><subject>Vertebrates</subject><issn>2076-2607</issn><issn>2076-2607</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptkdtKAzEQhoMoVtRHUBa8rua4m9wI9SwIXqh4GWZzqCnbTU22gm9vtCoWzM2EzD9fZuZH6IDgY8YUPpkHk2JMU-hDnmeFJWmE2kA7FDf1mNa42fxzH6H9nGe4HEWYFGQbjRjnnEomdxC_cNMEFoYQ-yr66ix0rpqYYHPVvlcPMXQV9LZ6hsGl6gxMCQH20JaHLrv977iLnq4uH89vxnf317fnk7uxEVgMY8db5rn0UjrcWuY9BUGxx4Q6XhvFG3BEgBCSeN6CcZbWEriVihHJipDtotsV10aY6UUKc0jvOkLQXw9lARrSEEzntMAtpp4D8bQtw_HW2EaahgFW1irMC-t0xVos27mzxvVDgm4Nup7pw4uexjctmVJluwVw9A1I8XXp8qBncZn6Mr-mohac8WJDUYmVqhiUc3L-9weC9ad3-l_vSt3h3_Z-q36cYh-wWZhe</recordid><startdate>20210817</startdate><enddate>20210817</enddate><creator>Feller, Franziska Maria</creator><creator>Holert, Johannes</creator><creator>Yücel, Onur</creator><creator>Philipp, Bodo</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-7887</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210817</creationdate><title>Degradation of Bile Acids by Soil and Water Bacteria</title><author>Feller, Franziska Maria ; Holert, Johannes ; Yücel, Onur ; Philipp, Bodo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c505t-e4b3f48f88e0bd3ff2a520f012e46c947ae15a5581f4baced268a4d89318320f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Acidic soils</topic><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Antiinfectives and antibacterials</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>bacterial metabolism</topic><topic>Bile</topic><topic>Bile acids</topic><topic>Biodegradation</topic><topic>Biomass energy production</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Chains</topic><topic>chenodeoxycholic</topic><topic>Cholesterol</topic><topic>cholic</topic><topic>Dehydrogenases</topic><topic>deoxycholic</topic><topic>Duodenum</topic><topic>Feces</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Heterotrophic bacteria</topic><topic>Intermediates</topic><topic>Lipophilic</topic><topic>Metabolic pathways</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Review</topic><topic>Rhodococcus</topic><topic>Soil bacteria</topic><topic>Soil microorganisms</topic><topic>Soil water</topic><topic>Soils</topic><topic>steroid degradation</topic><topic>Steroids</topic><topic>Substrates</topic><topic>Vertebrates</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Feller, Franziska Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Holert, Johannes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yücel, Onur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Philipp, Bodo</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Microorganisms (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Feller, Franziska Maria</au><au>Holert, Johannes</au><au>Yücel, Onur</au><au>Philipp, Bodo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Degradation of Bile Acids by Soil and Water Bacteria</atitle><jtitle>Microorganisms (Basel)</jtitle><addtitle>Microorganisms</addtitle><date>2021-08-17</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>1759</spage><pages>1759-</pages><issn>2076-2607</issn><eissn>2076-2607</eissn><abstract>Bile acids are surface-active steroid compounds with a C
carboxylic side chain at the steroid nucleus. They are produced by vertebrates, mainly functioning as emulsifiers for lipophilic nutrients, as signaling compounds, and as an antimicrobial barrier in the duodenum. Upon excretion into soil and water, bile acids serve as carbon- and energy-rich growth substrates for diverse heterotrophic bacteria. Metabolic pathways for the degradation of bile acids are predominantly studied in individual strains of the genera
,
,
and
. Bile acid degradation is initiated by oxidative reactions of the steroid skeleton at ring A and degradation of the carboxylic side chain before the steroid nucleus is broken down into central metabolic intermediates for biomass and energy production. This review summarizes the current biochemical and genetic knowledge on aerobic and anaerobic degradation of bile acids by soil and water bacteria. In addition, ecological and applied aspects are addressed, including resistance mechanisms against the toxic effects of bile acids.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>34442838</pmid><doi>10.3390/microorganisms9081759</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-7887</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acidic soils Acids Antiinfectives and antibacterials Bacteria bacterial metabolism Bile Bile acids Biodegradation Biomass energy production Carbon Chains chenodeoxycholic Cholesterol cholic Dehydrogenases deoxycholic Duodenum Feces Genes Genomes Heterotrophic bacteria Intermediates Lipophilic Metabolic pathways Metabolism Nutrients Oxidation Proteins Review Rhodococcus Soil bacteria Soil microorganisms Soil water Soils steroid degradation Steroids Substrates Vertebrates |
| title | Degradation of Bile Acids by Soil and Water Bacteria |
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