MOF/COF-based materials using 3D printing technology: applications in water treatment, gas removal, biomedical, and electronic industries

Over the past decade, porous crystalline materials like covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with unique features such as intrinsic porosity, well-defined topology, diverse functionalities, large surface area, and low density have increased and have attracted a lot of attention in various fields. On the other side, 3D printing, an emerging technology based on the layer-by-layer fabrication of 3D constructions, has played a great role in preparing novel materials based on porous crystalline materials. Recently, using 3D printing technology, various materials based on COFs and MOFs have been prepared, and the performance of these materials for the removal of water pollutants, gas separation, and tissue regeneration has been studied. Considering the useful applications of 3D printed MOF/COF-based materials, this review will focus on and highlight the successful uses of 3D printed COF- and MOF-based materials in remediation, gas separation, biomedical, and electronic fields. We have considered the newest outcomes in the uses of 3D-printed COF- and MOF-based materials for diverse applications.