Combined effects of temperature and precipitation on the spring runoff generation process in a seasonal freezing agricultural watershed

This study aims to investigate the combined effects of temperature and precipitation on the hydrological processes in a watershed with intensive agricultural land uses during the spring snowmelt period. Temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, frozen soil depth, and discharge were monitored during...

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Veröffentlicht in:Environmental earth sciences 2021-08, Vol.80 (15), Article 490
Hauptverfasser: Zhao, Qiang, Tan, Xiao, Zeng, Qiang, Zhao, Hang, Wu, Jing-wei, Huang, Jie-sheng
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creator Zhao, Qiang
Tan, Xiao
Zeng, Qiang
Zhao, Hang
Wu, Jing-wei
Huang, Jie-sheng
description This study aims to investigate the combined effects of temperature and precipitation on the hydrological processes in a watershed with intensive agricultural land uses during the spring snowmelt period. Temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, frozen soil depth, and discharge were monitored during the freezing and thawing periods in 2014, 2015, and 2016 within the 75 km 2 agricultural Heidingzi watershed in northeast China. The results indicated that high autumn rainfall and early precipitation, as well as the corresponding temperature rise, during the stable freezing period, increased the amount of surface water stored in the ice form before the spring runoff. These conditions produced a prolonged and increasing runoff event, and the highest runoff ratio of the ice melt runoff process during the thawing period in 2014. However, low autumn rainfall, dispersed precipitation, and negligible temperature rises during the stable freezing period in 2014–2015 led to a significant but short-term snowmelt runoff during the thawing period in 2015. Because of similar precipitation conditions as in 2014–2015 and a temperature rise event during the freezing period in 2015–2016, the runoff during the thawing period in 2016 was a combination of snow and ice melt; the runoff ratio during the early- and late-melt stages in the maize-dominated drainage region (DR) was the highest with the lowest precipitation. Additionally, the early low rainfall during the thawing period in 2014 increased the direct runoff ratios by 2–13 times for the entire watershed, DR M , and DR P-M , as early rainfall resulted in small soil thaw depth and low water storage. Different land use activities in the agricultural watershed supported the spatial and temporal differences and uncertainties in the spring snow or ice melt runoff generation process. Moreover, snowmelt simulation models can rarely distinguish between ice and snowmelt during spring runoff generation processes, probably leading to high uncertainty in simulating spring runoff response to climate change in seasonal freezing areas. This study reveals the characteristics and causes of snow and ice melt runoff processes in agricultural watersheds that experience seasonal freezing and provides a new perspective for improving the modeling of water generation processes.
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s12665-021-09777-2
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Temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, frozen soil depth, and discharge were monitored during the freezing and thawing periods in 2014, 2015, and 2016 within the 75 km 2 agricultural Heidingzi watershed in northeast China. The results indicated that high autumn rainfall and early precipitation, as well as the corresponding temperature rise, during the stable freezing period, increased the amount of surface water stored in the ice form before the spring runoff. These conditions produced a prolonged and increasing runoff event, and the highest runoff ratio of the ice melt runoff process during the thawing period in 2014. However, low autumn rainfall, dispersed precipitation, and negligible temperature rises during the stable freezing period in 2014–2015 led to a significant but short-term snowmelt runoff during the thawing period in 2015. Because of similar precipitation conditions as in 2014–2015 and a temperature rise event during the freezing period in 2015–2016, the runoff during the thawing period in 2016 was a combination of snow and ice melt; the runoff ratio during the early- and late-melt stages in the maize-dominated drainage region (DR) was the highest with the lowest precipitation. Additionally, the early low rainfall during the thawing period in 2014 increased the direct runoff ratios by 2–13 times for the entire watershed, DR M , and DR P-M , as early rainfall resulted in small soil thaw depth and low water storage. Different land use activities in the agricultural watershed supported the spatial and temporal differences and uncertainties in the spring snow or ice melt runoff generation process. Moreover, snowmelt simulation models can rarely distinguish between ice and snowmelt during spring runoff generation processes, probably leading to high uncertainty in simulating spring runoff response to climate change in seasonal freezing areas. 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Temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, frozen soil depth, and discharge were monitored during the freezing and thawing periods in 2014, 2015, and 2016 within the 75 km 2 agricultural Heidingzi watershed in northeast China. The results indicated that high autumn rainfall and early precipitation, as well as the corresponding temperature rise, during the stable freezing period, increased the amount of surface water stored in the ice form before the spring runoff. These conditions produced a prolonged and increasing runoff event, and the highest runoff ratio of the ice melt runoff process during the thawing period in 2014. However, low autumn rainfall, dispersed precipitation, and negligible temperature rises during the stable freezing period in 2014–2015 led to a significant but short-term snowmelt runoff during the thawing period in 2015. Because of similar precipitation conditions as in 2014–2015 and a temperature rise event during the freezing period in 2015–2016, the runoff during the thawing period in 2016 was a combination of snow and ice melt; the runoff ratio during the early- and late-melt stages in the maize-dominated drainage region (DR) was the highest with the lowest precipitation. Additionally, the early low rainfall during the thawing period in 2014 increased the direct runoff ratios by 2–13 times for the entire watershed, DR M , and DR P-M , as early rainfall resulted in small soil thaw depth and low water storage. Different land use activities in the agricultural watershed supported the spatial and temporal differences and uncertainties in the spring snow or ice melt runoff generation process. Moreover, snowmelt simulation models can rarely distinguish between ice and snowmelt during spring runoff generation processes, probably leading to high uncertainty in simulating spring runoff response to climate change in seasonal freezing areas. 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Temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, frozen soil depth, and discharge were monitored during the freezing and thawing periods in 2014, 2015, and 2016 within the 75 km 2 agricultural Heidingzi watershed in northeast China. The results indicated that high autumn rainfall and early precipitation, as well as the corresponding temperature rise, during the stable freezing period, increased the amount of surface water stored in the ice form before the spring runoff. These conditions produced a prolonged and increasing runoff event, and the highest runoff ratio of the ice melt runoff process during the thawing period in 2014. However, low autumn rainfall, dispersed precipitation, and negligible temperature rises during the stable freezing period in 2014–2015 led to a significant but short-term snowmelt runoff during the thawing period in 2015. Because of similar precipitation conditions as in 2014–2015 and a temperature rise event during the freezing period in 2015–2016, the runoff during the thawing period in 2016 was a combination of snow and ice melt; the runoff ratio during the early- and late-melt stages in the maize-dominated drainage region (DR) was the highest with the lowest precipitation. Additionally, the early low rainfall during the thawing period in 2014 increased the direct runoff ratios by 2–13 times for the entire watershed, DR M , and DR P-M , as early rainfall resulted in small soil thaw depth and low water storage. Different land use activities in the agricultural watershed supported the spatial and temporal differences and uncertainties in the spring snow or ice melt runoff generation process. Moreover, snowmelt simulation models can rarely distinguish between ice and snowmelt during spring runoff generation processes, probably leading to high uncertainty in simulating spring runoff response to climate change in seasonal freezing areas. This study reveals the characteristics and causes of snow and ice melt runoff processes in agricultural watersheds that experience seasonal freezing and provides a new perspective for improving the modeling of water generation processes.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s12665-021-09777-2</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6579-9103</orcidid></addata></record>
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subjects Agricultural land
Agricultural runoff
Agricultural watersheds
Atmospheric precipitations
Autumn
Biogeosciences
Climate change
Earth and Environmental Science
Earth Sciences
Environmental Science and Engineering
Freeze-thaw
Freezing
Freezing and thawing
Frozen ground
Geochemistry
Geology
Hydrologic processes
Hydrology
Hydrology/Water Resources
Ice
Ice formation
Ice melting
Intensive farming
Land use
Melting
Original Article
Precipitation
Precipitation-temperature relationships
Rain
Rainfall
Runoff
Runoff process
Snow
Snow and ice
Snowmelt
Snowmelt runoff
Soil
Soil depth
Soil moisture
Soil temperature
Spring
Spring (season)
Surface water
Temperature effects
Temperature rise
Terrestrial Pollution
Thawing
Uncertainty
Water depth
Water storage
title Combined effects of temperature and precipitation on the spring runoff generation process in a seasonal freezing agricultural watershed
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