Impacts of Erratic Snowfall on Apple Orchards in Kashmir Valley, India
Kashmir Valley has been witnessing erratic snowfall events in recent autumns which severely impacted apple orchards and harvests. Here, we combine remotely sensed data and field observations to map snowfall distribution and snow depths during the recent snowfall events in November 2018 and November...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Sustainability 2020-11, Vol.12 (21), p.9206 |
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description | Kashmir Valley has been witnessing erratic snowfall events in recent autumns which severely impacted apple orchards and harvests. Here, we combine remotely sensed data and field observations to map snowfall distribution and snow depths during the recent snowfall events in November 2018 and November 2019. Besides, we used ERA-5 reanalysis climate datasets to investigate the causes of these erratic snowfall events, pointing to an early arrival of Western Disturbances (WD) to the area. Analysis of these untimely snowfall episodes indicates that snow depths varied from 5–122 cm and 31–152 cm during the 2018 and 2019 snowfall events, respectively. In turn, satellite data analysis reveals that the apple orchards cover roughly 9.8% (1329 km2) of the entire surface of Kashmir Valley, out of which 32.6% were mildly to severely damaged by snow. The areas in South Kashmir suffered the most from the untimely snowfall with an area affected estimated to ~264 km2, followed by North Kashmir (~151 km2) and Central Kashmir (18 km2). The snowfall caused substantial harvest losses in orchards ranging from 4–50% with an average of ~35%. The geopotential analysis from the ERA-5 dataset provides insights into the synoptic weather patterns leading to the snowfall events and point to a trough in the high-troposphere (200 mb), along with a col at lower levels (850 mb) over the Kashmir Valley from November 2–5, 2018. The lower levels (850 mb) experienced intense cyclonic circulation which favored advection of moisture from the Arabian Sea during the November 6–7, 2019, snowfall event. The large economic losses related to early arrival of WD led to a virtual grounding of the horticultural sector in 2018 and 2019. Therefore, more baseline research is critically needed along with a comprehensive evaluation of the suitability of horticulture as an economically viable sector that is being promoted over the Kashmir region, also under climate change. |
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Here, we combine remotely sensed data and field observations to map snowfall distribution and snow depths during the recent snowfall events in November 2018 and November 2019. Besides, we used ERA-5 reanalysis climate datasets to investigate the causes of these erratic snowfall events, pointing to an early arrival of Western Disturbances (WD) to the area. Analysis of these untimely snowfall episodes indicates that snow depths varied from 5–122 cm and 31–152 cm during the 2018 and 2019 snowfall events, respectively. In turn, satellite data analysis reveals that the apple orchards cover roughly 9.8% (1329 km2) of the entire surface of Kashmir Valley, out of which 32.6% were mildly to severely damaged by snow. The areas in South Kashmir suffered the most from the untimely snowfall with an area affected estimated to ~264 km2, followed by North Kashmir (~151 km2) and Central Kashmir (18 km2). The snowfall caused substantial harvest losses in orchards ranging from 4–50% with an average of ~35%. The geopotential analysis from the ERA-5 dataset provides insights into the synoptic weather patterns leading to the snowfall events and point to a trough in the high-troposphere (200 mb), along with a col at lower levels (850 mb) over the Kashmir Valley from November 2–5, 2018. The lower levels (850 mb) experienced intense cyclonic circulation which favored advection of moisture from the Arabian Sea during the November 6–7, 2019, snowfall event. The large economic losses related to early arrival of WD led to a virtual grounding of the horticultural sector in 2018 and 2019. Therefore, more baseline research is critically needed along with a comprehensive evaluation of the suitability of horticulture as an economically viable sector that is being promoted over the Kashmir region, also under climate change.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su12219206</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Climate change ; Datasets ; Economic impact ; Geopotential ; Harvesting ; Horticulture ; Orchards ; Precipitation ; Remote sensing ; Snow ; Snowfall ; Troposphere ; Weather forecasting ; Weather patterns</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2020-11, Vol.12 (21), p.9206</ispartof><rights>2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-e366a16400982f060960870d09df2acf4f7d581ec7a549a175bf71d2e09999b83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-e366a16400982f060960870d09df2acf4f7d581ec7a549a175bf71d2e09999b83</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5214-1919 ; 0000-0002-3375-0786 ; 0000-0002-8664-9243</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rashid, Irfan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Majeed, Ulfat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aneaus, Sheikh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cánovas, Juan Antonio Ballesteros</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stoffel, Markus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Najar, Nadeem Ahmad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhat, Imtiyaz Ahmad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lotus, Sonam</creatorcontrib><title>Impacts of Erratic Snowfall on Apple Orchards in Kashmir Valley, India</title><title>Sustainability</title><description>Kashmir Valley has been witnessing erratic snowfall events in recent autumns which severely impacted apple orchards and harvests. 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Therefore, more baseline research is critically needed along with a comprehensive evaluation of the suitability of horticulture as an economically viable sector that is being promoted over the Kashmir region, also under climate change.</description><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Datasets</subject><subject>Economic impact</subject><subject>Geopotential</subject><subject>Harvesting</subject><subject>Horticulture</subject><subject>Orchards</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Remote sensing</subject><subject>Snow</subject><subject>Snowfall</subject><subject>Troposphere</subject><subject>Weather forecasting</subject><subject>Weather patterns</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkEtLAzEUhYMoWGo3_oKAO3H0Jpkkk2UprQ4WuvCxDWkedMp0ZkxmkP57p1TQszl38Z1z4SB0S-CRMQVPaSCUEkVBXKAJBUkyAhwu_93XaJbSHkYxRhQRE7QqD52xfcJtwMsYTV9Z_Na038HUNW4bPO-62uNNtDsTXcJVg19N2h2qiD9Hwh8fcNm4ytygqzGR_OzXp-hjtXxfvGTrzXO5mK8zSxXvM8-EMETkAKqgAQQoAYUEB8oFamzIg3S8IN5Kw3NliOTbIImjHtSobcGm6O7c28X2a_Cp1_t2iM34UlOeF5KpXJ6o-zNlY5tS9EF3sTqYeNQE9Gkq_TcV-wEekVjb</recordid><startdate>20201101</startdate><enddate>20201101</enddate><creator>Rashid, Irfan</creator><creator>Majeed, Ulfat</creator><creator>Aneaus, Sheikh</creator><creator>Cánovas, Juan Antonio Ballesteros</creator><creator>Stoffel, Markus</creator><creator>Najar, Nadeem Ahmad</creator><creator>Bhat, Imtiyaz Ahmad</creator><creator>Lotus, Sonam</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5214-1919</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-0786</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8664-9243</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20201101</creationdate><title>Impacts of Erratic Snowfall on Apple Orchards in Kashmir Valley, India</title><author>Rashid, Irfan ; Majeed, Ulfat ; Aneaus, Sheikh ; Cánovas, Juan Antonio Ballesteros ; Stoffel, Markus ; Najar, Nadeem Ahmad ; Bhat, Imtiyaz Ahmad ; Lotus, Sonam</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-e366a16400982f060960870d09df2acf4f7d581ec7a549a175bf71d2e09999b83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Datasets</topic><topic>Economic impact</topic><topic>Geopotential</topic><topic>Harvesting</topic><topic>Horticulture</topic><topic>Orchards</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Remote sensing</topic><topic>Snow</topic><topic>Snowfall</topic><topic>Troposphere</topic><topic>Weather forecasting</topic><topic>Weather patterns</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rashid, Irfan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Majeed, Ulfat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aneaus, Sheikh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cánovas, Juan Antonio Ballesteros</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stoffel, Markus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Najar, Nadeem Ahmad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhat, Imtiyaz Ahmad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lotus, Sonam</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rashid, Irfan</au><au>Majeed, Ulfat</au><au>Aneaus, Sheikh</au><au>Cánovas, Juan Antonio Ballesteros</au><au>Stoffel, Markus</au><au>Najar, Nadeem Ahmad</au><au>Bhat, Imtiyaz Ahmad</au><au>Lotus, Sonam</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Impacts of Erratic Snowfall on Apple Orchards in Kashmir Valley, India</atitle><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle><date>2020-11-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>21</issue><spage>9206</spage><pages>9206-</pages><issn>2071-1050</issn><eissn>2071-1050</eissn><abstract>Kashmir Valley has been witnessing erratic snowfall events in recent autumns which severely impacted apple orchards and harvests. Here, we combine remotely sensed data and field observations to map snowfall distribution and snow depths during the recent snowfall events in November 2018 and November 2019. Besides, we used ERA-5 reanalysis climate datasets to investigate the causes of these erratic snowfall events, pointing to an early arrival of Western Disturbances (WD) to the area. Analysis of these untimely snowfall episodes indicates that snow depths varied from 5–122 cm and 31–152 cm during the 2018 and 2019 snowfall events, respectively. In turn, satellite data analysis reveals that the apple orchards cover roughly 9.8% (1329 km2) of the entire surface of Kashmir Valley, out of which 32.6% were mildly to severely damaged by snow. The areas in South Kashmir suffered the most from the untimely snowfall with an area affected estimated to ~264 km2, followed by North Kashmir (~151 km2) and Central Kashmir (18 km2). The snowfall caused substantial harvest losses in orchards ranging from 4–50% with an average of ~35%. The geopotential analysis from the ERA-5 dataset provides insights into the synoptic weather patterns leading to the snowfall events and point to a trough in the high-troposphere (200 mb), along with a col at lower levels (850 mb) over the Kashmir Valley from November 2–5, 2018. The lower levels (850 mb) experienced intense cyclonic circulation which favored advection of moisture from the Arabian Sea during the November 6–7, 2019, snowfall event. The large economic losses related to early arrival of WD led to a virtual grounding of the horticultural sector in 2018 and 2019. 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subjects | Climate change Datasets Economic impact Geopotential Harvesting Horticulture Orchards Precipitation Remote sensing Snow Snowfall Troposphere Weather forecasting Weather patterns |
title | Impacts of Erratic Snowfall on Apple Orchards in Kashmir Valley, India |
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