Nonlinear Mixing Characteristics of Reflectance Spectra of Typical Mineral Pigments
Hyperspectral technology has been used to identify pigments that adhere to the surfaces of polychrome artifacts. However, the colors are often produced by the mixing of pigments, which requires that the spectral characteristics of the pigment mixtures be considered before pigment unmixing is conduct...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Minerals (Basel) 2021-06, Vol.11 (6), p.626 |
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description | Hyperspectral technology has been used to identify pigments that adhere to the surfaces of polychrome artifacts. However, the colors are often produced by the mixing of pigments, which requires that the spectral characteristics of the pigment mixtures be considered before pigment unmixing is conducted. Therefore, we proposed an experimental approach to investigate the nonlinear degree of spectral reflectance, using several mixing models, and to evaluate their performances in the study of typical mineral pigments. First, five mineral pigments of azurite, malachite, cinnabar, orpiment, and calcite were selected to form five groups of samples, according to their different mass ratios. Second, a fully constrained least squares algorithm based on the linear model and three algorithms based on the nonlinear model were employed to calculate the proportion of each pigment in the mixtures. We evaluated the abundance accuracy as well as the similarity between the measured and reconstructed spectra produced by those mixing models. Third, we conducted pigment unmixing on a Chinese painting to verify the applicability of the nonlinear model. Fourth, continuum removal was also introduced to test the nonlinearity of mineral pigment mixing. Finally, the results indicated that the spectral mixing of different mineral pigments was more in line with the nonlinear mixing model. The spectral nonlinearity of mixed pigments was higher near to the wavelength corresponding to their colors. Meanwhile, the nonlinearity increased with the wavelength increases in the shortwave infrared bands. |
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However, the colors are often produced by the mixing of pigments, which requires that the spectral characteristics of the pigment mixtures be considered before pigment unmixing is conducted. Therefore, we proposed an experimental approach to investigate the nonlinear degree of spectral reflectance, using several mixing models, and to evaluate their performances in the study of typical mineral pigments. First, five mineral pigments of azurite, malachite, cinnabar, orpiment, and calcite were selected to form five groups of samples, according to their different mass ratios. Second, a fully constrained least squares algorithm based on the linear model and three algorithms based on the nonlinear model were employed to calculate the proportion of each pigment in the mixtures. We evaluated the abundance accuracy as well as the similarity between the measured and reconstructed spectra produced by those mixing models. Third, we conducted pigment unmixing on a Chinese painting to verify the applicability of the nonlinear model. Fourth, continuum removal was also introduced to test the nonlinearity of mineral pigment mixing. Finally, the results indicated that the spectral mixing of different mineral pigments was more in line with the nonlinear mixing model. The spectral nonlinearity of mixed pigments was higher near to the wavelength corresponding to their colors. Meanwhile, the nonlinearity increased with the wavelength increases in the shortwave infrared bands.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2075-163X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2075-163X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/min11060626</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Algorithms ; Arsenic trisulfide ; Calcite ; Cultural heritage ; Evaluation ; Identification ; Mapping ; Mass ratios ; Neural networks ; Nonlinear systems ; Nonlinearity ; Pigments ; Reflectance ; Short wave radiation ; Spectra ; Spectral reflectance ; Spectrum analysis ; Wavelength</subject><ispartof>Minerals (Basel), 2021-06, Vol.11 (6), p.626</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c364t-2da28b2e0ed9135273f94eeb5651db4b33c726335570e2230b85c8df683fe38a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c364t-2da28b2e0ed9135273f94eeb5651db4b33c726335570e2230b85c8df683fe38a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0942-629X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lyu, Shuqiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meng, Die</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hou, Miaole</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tian, Shuai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Chunhao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mao, Jincheng</creatorcontrib><title>Nonlinear Mixing Characteristics of Reflectance Spectra of Typical Mineral Pigments</title><title>Minerals (Basel)</title><description>Hyperspectral technology has been used to identify pigments that adhere to the surfaces of polychrome artifacts. 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Third, we conducted pigment unmixing on a Chinese painting to verify the applicability of the nonlinear model. Fourth, continuum removal was also introduced to test the nonlinearity of mineral pigment mixing. Finally, the results indicated that the spectral mixing of different mineral pigments was more in line with the nonlinear mixing model. The spectral nonlinearity of mixed pigments was higher near to the wavelength corresponding to their colors. Meanwhile, the nonlinearity increased with the wavelength increases in the shortwave infrared bands.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/min11060626</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-629X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Algorithms Arsenic trisulfide Calcite Cultural heritage Evaluation Identification Mapping Mass ratios Neural networks Nonlinear systems Nonlinearity Pigments Reflectance Short wave radiation Spectra Spectral reflectance Spectrum analysis Wavelength |
title | Nonlinear Mixing Characteristics of Reflectance Spectra of Typical Mineral Pigments |
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