Potential and net recharge assessment in paddy dominated Hirakud irrigation command of eastern India using water balance and geospatial approaches

Spatially distributed potential and net recharge rates were assessed in the paddy dominated Hirakud command area (Eastern India) at 100 m grid resolution using surface water balance and Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) methods, respectively, for the period 2001–05. Net recharge estimated using the WTF method corresponding to observation well locations was further interpolated using kriging technique available in the ArcGIS software. Net recharge to potential recharge ratios (%) were also assessed spatially. Water balance components (i) runoff was estimated using the Natural Resources Conservation Service-Curve Number (NRCS-CN) method (ii) reference evapotranspiration by (Hargreaves and Samani, Applied Engineering Agriculture ASABE 1:96–99, 1985)), crop evapotranspiration by (Allen et al., Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 1998) and evaporation from uncultivated lands by Ritchie (1972) approaches, and (iii) canal seepage using simple canal flow model. Annual groundwater draft during Kharif and Rabi was found to be 144.41 and 112.49 ha-m, respectively. Nearly, 90% of the study area contributed runoff in the range of 200–400 mm during the years 2002–03, 2003–04, and 2004–05. The estimated seepage losses vary between 5 and 15% of irrigation depth for all distributaries. Potential groundwater recharge during wet, normal, and dry years ranges between 650 and 1033 mm, and equivalent to 67%, 78%, and 60% of annual rainfall, respectively. Net recharge ranges between 8 and 11% of the annual rainfall. Mean ratio between net recharge to potential recharge is nearly 30%, indicating that nearly 70% of potential recharge is accounted as outflow from the study area. Parmanpur distributary canal located at the centre of the study area that exhibited higher potential recharge can be scheduled at the end to avoid water logging problem. Further, extraction of groundwater during non-monsoon period for irrigation purpose not only helps in controlling waterlogging but also helps in maintaining stable groundwater level. Overall, spatio-temporal distribution of recharge in the command area indicated that the irrigation demands during non-monsoon season can be met through sustainable management of underexploited groundwater resources. Such an integrated management of surface and groundwater can help in improving water use efficiencies as well as agricultural productivi