GHB related acids are useful in routine casework of suspected GHB intoxication cases
•GHB related acids increased after intake of GHB.•Analysis on related acids increase detection window.•cut-offs to distinguish from endogenous levels recommended. GHB related acids (3,4-dihydroxy butyric acid, 2,4-dihydroxy butyric acid and glycolic acid) are produced through oxidative GHB metabolis...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Forensic science international 2021-07, Vol.324, p.110833, Article 110833 |
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| creator | Jarsiah, Pouria Roehrich, Joerg Kueting, Theresa Martz, Walter Hess, Cornelius |
| description | •GHB related acids increased after intake of GHB.•Analysis on related acids increase detection window.•cut-offs to distinguish from endogenous levels recommended.
GHB related acids (3,4-dihydroxy butyric acid, 2,4-dihydroxy butyric acid and glycolic acid) are produced through oxidative GHB metabolism. These analytes could be potential biomarkers to ensure the diagnosis of a GHB intoxication and even prolong the detection window. Within this study, forensic routine cases were measured to consider the potential of additional gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis on these acids. 17 GHB positive real cases (10 serum samples and 7 urine samples) and 40 cases with suspicion of drugging in DFC cases and negative GHB results (21 serum samples and 19 urine samples) were evaluated. Increased GHB related acid concentrations were detected in all serum and most urine samples positive on GHB. In some GHB negative cases, especially in serum samples, concentrations of GHB related acids gave hints that GHB actually was taken. We recommend to use the following cut-offs for a more reliable interpretation of potential GHB intoxication cases: 3,4-OH-BA:>3 mg/L in serum and>50 mg/L in urine; 2,4-OH-BA:>2 mg/L in serum and>25 mg/L in urine; GA:>5 mg/L in serum and>400 mg/L in urine. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110833 |
| format | Article |
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GHB related acids (3,4-dihydroxy butyric acid, 2,4-dihydroxy butyric acid and glycolic acid) are produced through oxidative GHB metabolism. These analytes could be potential biomarkers to ensure the diagnosis of a GHB intoxication and even prolong the detection window. Within this study, forensic routine cases were measured to consider the potential of additional gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis on these acids. 17 GHB positive real cases (10 serum samples and 7 urine samples) and 40 cases with suspicion of drugging in DFC cases and negative GHB results (21 serum samples and 19 urine samples) were evaluated. Increased GHB related acid concentrations were detected in all serum and most urine samples positive on GHB. In some GHB negative cases, especially in serum samples, concentrations of GHB related acids gave hints that GHB actually was taken. We recommend to use the following cut-offs for a more reliable interpretation of potential GHB intoxication cases: 3,4-OH-BA:>3 mg/L in serum and>50 mg/L in urine; 2,4-OH-BA:>2 mg/L in serum and>25 mg/L in urine; GA:>5 mg/L in serum and>400 mg/L in urine.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0379-0738</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1872-6283</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110833</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Biomarkers ; Butyric acid ; Dihydroxy butyric acids ; Drug dosages ; Forensic science ; Forensic sciences ; Gas chromatography ; GHB ; Glycolic acid ; Intoxication ; Laboratories ; Metabolites ; Oxidative metabolism ; Sex crimes ; Spectrometry ; Urine ; α-oxidation ; β-oxidation</subject><ispartof>Forensic science international, 2021-07, Vol.324, p.110833, Article 110833</ispartof><rights>2021 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>2021. Elsevier B.V.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c376t-b3f93013a430f546c5f940ac10eedcbcf5cc3cdda5d9e5a1b996b4230423976b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c376t-b3f93013a430f546c5f940ac10eedcbcf5cc3cdda5d9e5a1b996b4230423976b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073821001535$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jarsiah, Pouria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roehrich, Joerg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kueting, Theresa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martz, Walter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hess, Cornelius</creatorcontrib><title>GHB related acids are useful in routine casework of suspected GHB intoxication cases</title><title>Forensic science international</title><description>•GHB related acids increased after intake of GHB.•Analysis on related acids increase detection window.•cut-offs to distinguish from endogenous levels recommended.
GHB related acids (3,4-dihydroxy butyric acid, 2,4-dihydroxy butyric acid and glycolic acid) are produced through oxidative GHB metabolism. These analytes could be potential biomarkers to ensure the diagnosis of a GHB intoxication and even prolong the detection window. Within this study, forensic routine cases were measured to consider the potential of additional gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis on these acids. 17 GHB positive real cases (10 serum samples and 7 urine samples) and 40 cases with suspicion of drugging in DFC cases and negative GHB results (21 serum samples and 19 urine samples) were evaluated. Increased GHB related acid concentrations were detected in all serum and most urine samples positive on GHB. In some GHB negative cases, especially in serum samples, concentrations of GHB related acids gave hints that GHB actually was taken. 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GHB related acids (3,4-dihydroxy butyric acid, 2,4-dihydroxy butyric acid and glycolic acid) are produced through oxidative GHB metabolism. These analytes could be potential biomarkers to ensure the diagnosis of a GHB intoxication and even prolong the detection window. Within this study, forensic routine cases were measured to consider the potential of additional gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis on these acids. 17 GHB positive real cases (10 serum samples and 7 urine samples) and 40 cases with suspicion of drugging in DFC cases and negative GHB results (21 serum samples and 19 urine samples) were evaluated. Increased GHB related acid concentrations were detected in all serum and most urine samples positive on GHB. In some GHB negative cases, especially in serum samples, concentrations of GHB related acids gave hints that GHB actually was taken. We recommend to use the following cut-offs for a more reliable interpretation of potential GHB intoxication cases: 3,4-OH-BA:>3 mg/L in serum and>50 mg/L in urine; 2,4-OH-BA:>2 mg/L in serum and>25 mg/L in urine; GA:>5 mg/L in serum and>400 mg/L in urine.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110833</doi></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Biomarkers Butyric acid Dihydroxy butyric acids Drug dosages Forensic science Forensic sciences Gas chromatography GHB Glycolic acid Intoxication Laboratories Metabolites Oxidative metabolism Sex crimes Spectrometry Urine α-oxidation β-oxidation |
| title | GHB related acids are useful in routine casework of suspected GHB intoxication cases |
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