Contemporary insight into diffuse axonal injury
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is present in approximately 50% of the cases with severe traumatic brain injury. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and young individuals worldwide. Generally, DAI occurs as a result of high-velocity accidents. Typically, it presents...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Folia Medica 2021-04, Vol.63 (2), p.163-170 |
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| creator | Angelova, Polina Kehayov, Ivo Davarski, Atanas Kitov, Borislav |
| description | Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is present in approximately 50% of the cases with severe traumatic brain injury. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and young individuals worldwide. Generally, DAI occurs as a result of high-velocity accidents. Typically, it presents with loss of consciousness for at least 6 hours and neurological deficit dependent on the brain area that is affected by the injury. The final diagnosis is confirmed by neuroimaging studies such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. According to the injured brain site, DAI is classified into three grades: Grade I-DAI with axonal lesions in the cerebral hemispheres; Grade II-DAI with focal axonal lesions in the corpus callosum; Grade III-DAI with focal or multiple axonal lesions in the brainstem. Each of the three grades is associated with different outcome.Due to the high disability and mortality rate, DAI represents an important medical, personal and social problem. The aim of the current review is to address the unsolved issues connected with the pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment and outcome of the diffuse axonal injury. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3897/folmed.63.e53709 |
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It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and young individuals worldwide. Generally, DAI occurs as a result of high-velocity accidents. Typically, it presents with loss of consciousness for at least 6 hours and neurological deficit dependent on the brain area that is affected by the injury. The final diagnosis is confirmed by neuroimaging studies such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. According to the injured brain site, DAI is classified into three grades: Grade I-DAI with axonal lesions in the cerebral hemispheres; Grade II-DAI with focal axonal lesions in the corpus callosum; Grade III-DAI with focal or multiple axonal lesions in the brainstem. Each of the three grades is associated with different outcome.Due to the high disability and mortality rate, DAI represents an important medical, personal and social problem. The aim of the current review is to address the unsolved issues connected with the pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment and outcome of the diffuse axonal injury.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0204-8043</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1314-2143</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3897/folmed.63.e53709</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33932004</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bulgaria: MEDICAL UNIVERSITY- PLOVDIV</publisher><subject>Brain ; Brain damage ; Consciousness ; diffuse axonal injury ; Diffuse Axonal Injury - diagnostic imaging ; Fainting ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Medical imaging ; Mortality ; MRI ; Neuroimaging ; Pathogenesis ; Permeability ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Trauma ; traumatic brain in ; Traumatic brain injury ; Velocity</subject><ispartof>Folia Medica, 2021-04, Vol.63 (2), p.163-170</ispartof><rights>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</rights><rights>Copyright MEDICAL UNIVERSITY- PLOVDIV 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4179-54f15c2484dd9d9067c749f6771a3085314ae9ab982b60836e932fd4de72448a3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,861,27905,27906</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33932004$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Angelova, Polina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kehayov, Ivo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Davarski, Atanas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitov, Borislav</creatorcontrib><title>Contemporary insight into diffuse axonal injury</title><title>Folia Medica</title><addtitle>Folia Med (Plovdiv)</addtitle><description>Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is present in approximately 50% of the cases with severe traumatic brain injury. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and young individuals worldwide. Generally, DAI occurs as a result of high-velocity accidents. Typically, it presents with loss of consciousness for at least 6 hours and neurological deficit dependent on the brain area that is affected by the injury. The final diagnosis is confirmed by neuroimaging studies such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. According to the injured brain site, DAI is classified into three grades: Grade I-DAI with axonal lesions in the cerebral hemispheres; Grade II-DAI with focal axonal lesions in the corpus callosum; Grade III-DAI with focal or multiple axonal lesions in the brainstem. Each of the three grades is associated with different outcome.Due to the high disability and mortality rate, DAI represents an important medical, personal and social problem. The aim of the current review is to address the unsolved issues connected with the pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment and outcome of the diffuse axonal injury.</description><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain damage</subject><subject>Consciousness</subject><subject>diffuse axonal injury</subject><subject>Diffuse Axonal Injury - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Fainting</subject><subject>Hemorrhage</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>MRI</subject><subject>Neuroimaging</subject><subject>Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Permeability</subject><subject>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</subject><subject>Trauma</subject><subject>traumatic brain in</subject><subject>Traumatic brain injury</subject><subject>Velocity</subject><issn>0204-8043</issn><issn>1314-2143</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNo9kM1LAzEQxYMotlbvnqTgedtJJpuPoxS_QPCi55BukrqlbWqyC_rfm7rW08Cbmd-8eYRcU5ih0nIe4mbr3UzgzNcoQZ-QMUXKK0Y5npIxMOCVAo4jcpHzGkDUAPU5GSFqZAB8TOaLuOv8dh-TTd_Tdpfb1UdXahenrg2hz35qv-LOboq27tP3JTkLdpP91V-dkPeH-7fFU_Xy-vi8uHupGk6lrmoeaN0wrrhz2mkQspFcByEltQiqLiat13apFVsKUCh8MRQcd14yzpXFCXkeuC7atdmndlv8mWhb8yvEtDI2dW2z8UZLZEI4ClpaHqTWhbdsJAveca6RFtbtwNqn-Nn73Jl17FP5KRtWo1BMolRlCoapJsWckw__VymYQ9pmSNsINEPaZeXmD9wvD53jwjFe_AEWJ3lg</recordid><startdate>20210430</startdate><enddate>20210430</enddate><creator>Angelova, Polina</creator><creator>Kehayov, Ivo</creator><creator>Davarski, Atanas</creator><creator>Kitov, Borislav</creator><general>MEDICAL UNIVERSITY- PLOVDIV</general><general>Pensoft Publishers</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BYOGL</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210430</creationdate><title>Contemporary insight into diffuse axonal injury</title><author>Angelova, Polina ; Kehayov, Ivo ; Davarski, Atanas ; Kitov, Borislav</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4179-54f15c2484dd9d9067c749f6771a3085314ae9ab982b60836e932fd4de72448a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Brain</topic><topic>Brain damage</topic><topic>Consciousness</topic><topic>diffuse axonal injury</topic><topic>Diffuse Axonal Injury - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Fainting</topic><topic>Hemorrhage</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</topic><topic>Medical imaging</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>MRI</topic><topic>Neuroimaging</topic><topic>Pathogenesis</topic><topic>Permeability</topic><topic>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</topic><topic>Trauma</topic><topic>traumatic brain in</topic><topic>Traumatic brain injury</topic><topic>Velocity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Angelova, Polina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kehayov, Ivo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Davarski, Atanas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitov, Borislav</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>East Europe, Central Europe Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Folia Medica</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Angelova, Polina</au><au>Kehayov, Ivo</au><au>Davarski, Atanas</au><au>Kitov, Borislav</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Contemporary insight into diffuse axonal injury</atitle><jtitle>Folia Medica</jtitle><addtitle>Folia Med (Plovdiv)</addtitle><date>2021-04-30</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>63</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>163</spage><epage>170</epage><pages>163-170</pages><issn>0204-8043</issn><eissn>1314-2143</eissn><abstract>Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is present in approximately 50% of the cases with severe traumatic brain injury. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and young individuals worldwide. Generally, DAI occurs as a result of high-velocity accidents. Typically, it presents with loss of consciousness for at least 6 hours and neurological deficit dependent on the brain area that is affected by the injury. The final diagnosis is confirmed by neuroimaging studies such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. According to the injured brain site, DAI is classified into three grades: Grade I-DAI with axonal lesions in the cerebral hemispheres; Grade II-DAI with focal axonal lesions in the corpus callosum; Grade III-DAI with focal or multiple axonal lesions in the brainstem. Each of the three grades is associated with different outcome.Due to the high disability and mortality rate, DAI represents an important medical, personal and social problem. The aim of the current review is to address the unsolved issues connected with the pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment and outcome of the diffuse axonal injury.</abstract><cop>Bulgaria</cop><pub>MEDICAL UNIVERSITY- PLOVDIV</pub><pmid>33932004</pmid><doi>10.3897/folmed.63.e53709</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Brain Brain damage Consciousness diffuse axonal injury Diffuse Axonal Injury - diagnostic imaging Fainting Hemorrhage Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Medical imaging Mortality MRI Neuroimaging Pathogenesis Permeability Tomography, X-Ray Computed Trauma traumatic brain in Traumatic brain injury Velocity |
| title | Contemporary insight into diffuse axonal injury |
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