Raffaelea quercina sp. nov. Associated with Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.) Decline in Portugal

Research Highlights: Raffaelea quercina sp. nov. is an ophiostomatoid fungus isolated from the ambrosia beetle Platypus cylindrus. The species occurs in symptomatic Portuguese cork oak trees, (Quercus suber L.), exhibiting vegetative decline. Background and Objectives: Quercus suber L. is a species restricted to the Mediterranean basin, of special economic importance as it constitutes the crucial raw material for the cork production industry, in particular for Portugal, the world’s leading producer. Over the last three decades a progressive and alarming decline of cork oak trees has been observed across its distribution area, including Portugal. The ambrosia beetle Platypus cylindrus, commonly known as the oak pinhole borer, establishes symbiotic relationships with fungi from which it depends for survival and for oak colonization. Some of these fungi are ophiostomatoid species of the Raffaelea genus, known as ambrosia fungi associated with ambrosia beetles. Some Raffaelea species exhibit phytopathogenic activity causing wilting and/or death of trees. The objective of the present study is to identify the association between P. cylindrus and Raffaelea species in Portuguese cork oak stands showing symptoms of disease and decline. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 adult insects were collected as they emerged from cork oak logs, sampled from symptomatic trees. Axenic isolates of Raffaelea species were obtained from the beetles and their galleries in the trunks and identified based on morphological features and molecular analysis of the SSU and LSU rDNA regions. Results: Two Raffaelea species were identified, i.e., R. montetyi and a novel Raffaelea species closely related to R. canadensis. The novel species is morphologically and genetically characterized in this study, and erected as Raffaelea quercina M.L. Inácio, E. Sousa & F. Nóbrega, sp. nov. Raffaelea quercina constitutes a new phytopathogenic fungal species associated with P. cylindrus and cork oak trees exhibiting symptoms of vegetative decline. Conclusions: Raffaelea species appear to have a significant role in cork oak decline. Future research on the association between P. cylindrus and Raffaelea species, encompassing the trans-European and North African wide-range of cork oak stands, would further clarify the relationships between ambrosia beetles, associated fungi and cork oak decline, contributing to a better understanding of the phenomena and for strategies aiming to halt the continuous decline