Soil Respiration Characteristics and Influencing Factors for Apple Orchards in Different Regions on the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province
To explore the characteristics of the spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration (SR) in orchard ecosystems in different regions of the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province and to distinguish the controlling factors, representative orchards were studied from April to October 2019. We conducted...
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| description | To explore the characteristics of the spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration (SR) in orchard ecosystems in different regions of the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province and to distinguish the controlling factors, representative orchards were studied from April to October 2019. We conducted SR measurements in five locations, including Mizhi dangta (MZ), Ansai Liuzhuang (AS), Luochuan houzitou (LC), Fuping meijiaping (FP), and Yangling Wuquan (YL). The results indicated that the SR of each orchard showed clear seasonal variation. The SR increased with the distance from the trunk at the tree scale, while gradually increasing from north to south on the regional scale (p < 0.05). The soil temperature and soil moisture were the main factors controlling the seasonal changes in SR in the orchards. On the tree scale, the fine root biomass was the main factor causing the tree-scale spatial variability. At the regional scale, SR was mainly influenced by the differences in the soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon, soil bulk density and pH. In agricultural management practices, the cumulative soil respiration was higher with irrigated treatment than with non-irrigated (NI) treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, traditional surface drip irrigation (SDI) and root injection irrigation (RII) showed great differences in soil respiration in the early and late stages of irrigation (p < 0.05), and the soil moisture was the main controlling factor. Compared with no tillage (NI), green cover (GC), deep tillage (DT), and shallow tillage (ST) increased the SR by 57%, 36% and 14%, respectively (p < 0.05). Due to the great temporal and spatial variation in the SR in our study area, we determined that the soil respiration in the orchards was affected not only by environmental factors but also by agricultural measures. Therefore, greater attention should be paid to human factors when exploring SR to ensure that orchard management can promote the economic benefits of the orchards without greatly impacting the environment. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/su13094780 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2530183578</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2530183578</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-35ca52dd2655320a0b5ad4fe8eb0b4c20b0bc35bffba26cc1d9d94c4cf32d2443</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpNkN1KAzEQhYMoWGpvfIIB74Rqfjbt7mWpVguFFqvXSzY_bcqarElW9BF8ayMVdG7OwJz5DhyELgm-YazCt7EnDFfFtMQnaEDxlIwJ5vj0336ORjEecB7GSEUmA_S19baFJx07G0Sy3sF8L4KQSQcbk5URhFOwdKbttZPW7WCRjz5EMD7ArOtaDesg84-KYB3cWWN00C5l5i7jImRk2mtYeR0jbFqRtOjBG9juhXAfFjbBv1sn9QU6M6KNevSrQ_SyuH-eP45X64flfLYaS1rxNGZcCk6VohPOGcUCN1yowuhSN7gpJMVZJOONMY2gEymJqlRVyEIaRhUtCjZEV0duF_xbr2OqD74PLkfWlDNMSsanZXZdH10y-BiDNnUX7KsInzXB9U_b9V_b7Bv-mHQj</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2530183578</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Soil Respiration Characteristics and Influencing Factors for Apple Orchards in Different Regions on the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province</title><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><creator>Hou, Tingting ; Wang, Yanping ; Guo, Fuxing ; Jia, Qiong ; Wu, Xinnan ; Wang, Enguang ; Hong, Jingbo</creator><creatorcontrib>Hou, Tingting ; Wang, Yanping ; Guo, Fuxing ; Jia, Qiong ; Wu, Xinnan ; Wang, Enguang ; Hong, Jingbo</creatorcontrib><description>To explore the characteristics of the spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration (SR) in orchard ecosystems in different regions of the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province and to distinguish the controlling factors, representative orchards were studied from April to October 2019. We conducted SR measurements in five locations, including Mizhi dangta (MZ), Ansai Liuzhuang (AS), Luochuan houzitou (LC), Fuping meijiaping (FP), and Yangling Wuquan (YL). The results indicated that the SR of each orchard showed clear seasonal variation. The SR increased with the distance from the trunk at the tree scale, while gradually increasing from north to south on the regional scale (p < 0.05). The soil temperature and soil moisture were the main factors controlling the seasonal changes in SR in the orchards. On the tree scale, the fine root biomass was the main factor causing the tree-scale spatial variability. At the regional scale, SR was mainly influenced by the differences in the soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon, soil bulk density and pH. In agricultural management practices, the cumulative soil respiration was higher with irrigated treatment than with non-irrigated (NI) treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, traditional surface drip irrigation (SDI) and root injection irrigation (RII) showed great differences in soil respiration in the early and late stages of irrigation (p < 0.05), and the soil moisture was the main controlling factor. Compared with no tillage (NI), green cover (GC), deep tillage (DT), and shallow tillage (ST) increased the SR by 57%, 36% and 14%, respectively (p < 0.05). Due to the great temporal and spatial variation in the SR in our study area, we determined that the soil respiration in the orchards was affected not only by environmental factors but also by agricultural measures. Therefore, greater attention should be paid to human factors when exploring SR to ensure that orchard management can promote the economic benefits of the orchards without greatly impacting the environment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su13094780</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Agricultural management ; Agricultural practices ; Biomass ; Bulk density ; Carbon ; Carbon cycle ; Climate change ; Drip irrigation ; Emissions ; Environmental changes ; Environmental factors ; Human factors ; Irrigation ; Land use ; Orchards ; Organic carbon ; Organic soils ; Precipitation ; Regional analysis ; Regions ; Respiration ; Seasonal variations ; Soil density ; Soil management ; Soil moisture ; Soil temperature ; Spatial variations ; Sustainability ; Temporal variations ; Terrestrial ecosystems ; Trees ; Vegetation</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2021-05, Vol.13 (9), p.4780</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-35ca52dd2655320a0b5ad4fe8eb0b4c20b0bc35bffba26cc1d9d94c4cf32d2443</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-35ca52dd2655320a0b5ad4fe8eb0b4c20b0bc35bffba26cc1d9d94c4cf32d2443</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hou, Tingting</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yanping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Fuxing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jia, Qiong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Xinnan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Enguang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hong, Jingbo</creatorcontrib><title>Soil Respiration Characteristics and Influencing Factors for Apple Orchards in Different Regions on the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province</title><title>Sustainability</title><description>To explore the characteristics of the spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration (SR) in orchard ecosystems in different regions of the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province and to distinguish the controlling factors, representative orchards were studied from April to October 2019. We conducted SR measurements in five locations, including Mizhi dangta (MZ), Ansai Liuzhuang (AS), Luochuan houzitou (LC), Fuping meijiaping (FP), and Yangling Wuquan (YL). The results indicated that the SR of each orchard showed clear seasonal variation. The SR increased with the distance from the trunk at the tree scale, while gradually increasing from north to south on the regional scale (p < 0.05). The soil temperature and soil moisture were the main factors controlling the seasonal changes in SR in the orchards. On the tree scale, the fine root biomass was the main factor causing the tree-scale spatial variability. At the regional scale, SR was mainly influenced by the differences in the soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon, soil bulk density and pH. In agricultural management practices, the cumulative soil respiration was higher with irrigated treatment than with non-irrigated (NI) treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, traditional surface drip irrigation (SDI) and root injection irrigation (RII) showed great differences in soil respiration in the early and late stages of irrigation (p < 0.05), and the soil moisture was the main controlling factor. Compared with no tillage (NI), green cover (GC), deep tillage (DT), and shallow tillage (ST) increased the SR by 57%, 36% and 14%, respectively (p < 0.05). Due to the great temporal and spatial variation in the SR in our study area, we determined that the soil respiration in the orchards was affected not only by environmental factors but also by agricultural measures. Therefore, greater attention should be paid to human factors when exploring SR to ensure that orchard management can promote the economic benefits of the orchards without greatly impacting the environment.</description><subject>Agricultural management</subject><subject>Agricultural practices</subject><subject>Biomass</subject><subject>Bulk density</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon cycle</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Drip irrigation</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Environmental changes</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Human factors</subject><subject>Irrigation</subject><subject>Land use</subject><subject>Orchards</subject><subject>Organic carbon</subject><subject>Organic soils</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Regional analysis</subject><subject>Regions</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Seasonal variations</subject><subject>Soil density</subject><subject>Soil management</subject><subject>Soil moisture</subject><subject>Soil temperature</subject><subject>Spatial variations</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Temporal variations</subject><subject>Terrestrial ecosystems</subject><subject>Trees</subject><subject>Vegetation</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkN1KAzEQhYMoWGpvfIIB74Rqfjbt7mWpVguFFqvXSzY_bcqarElW9BF8ayMVdG7OwJz5DhyELgm-YazCt7EnDFfFtMQnaEDxlIwJ5vj0336ORjEecB7GSEUmA_S19baFJx07G0Sy3sF8L4KQSQcbk5URhFOwdKbttZPW7WCRjz5EMD7ArOtaDesg84-KYB3cWWN00C5l5i7jImRk2mtYeR0jbFqRtOjBG9juhXAfFjbBv1sn9QU6M6KNevSrQ_SyuH-eP45X64flfLYaS1rxNGZcCk6VohPOGcUCN1yowuhSN7gpJMVZJOONMY2gEymJqlRVyEIaRhUtCjZEV0duF_xbr2OqD74PLkfWlDNMSsanZXZdH10y-BiDNnUX7KsInzXB9U_b9V_b7Bv-mHQj</recordid><startdate>20210501</startdate><enddate>20210501</enddate><creator>Hou, Tingting</creator><creator>Wang, Yanping</creator><creator>Guo, Fuxing</creator><creator>Jia, Qiong</creator><creator>Wu, Xinnan</creator><creator>Wang, Enguang</creator><creator>Hong, Jingbo</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210501</creationdate><title>Soil Respiration Characteristics and Influencing Factors for Apple Orchards in Different Regions on the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province</title><author>Hou, Tingting ; Wang, Yanping ; Guo, Fuxing ; Jia, Qiong ; Wu, Xinnan ; Wang, Enguang ; Hong, Jingbo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-35ca52dd2655320a0b5ad4fe8eb0b4c20b0bc35bffba26cc1d9d94c4cf32d2443</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Agricultural management</topic><topic>Agricultural practices</topic><topic>Biomass</topic><topic>Bulk density</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbon cycle</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Drip irrigation</topic><topic>Emissions</topic><topic>Environmental changes</topic><topic>Environmental factors</topic><topic>Human factors</topic><topic>Irrigation</topic><topic>Land use</topic><topic>Orchards</topic><topic>Organic carbon</topic><topic>Organic soils</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Regional analysis</topic><topic>Regions</topic><topic>Respiration</topic><topic>Seasonal variations</topic><topic>Soil density</topic><topic>Soil management</topic><topic>Soil moisture</topic><topic>Soil temperature</topic><topic>Spatial variations</topic><topic>Sustainability</topic><topic>Temporal variations</topic><topic>Terrestrial ecosystems</topic><topic>Trees</topic><topic>Vegetation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hou, Tingting</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yanping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Fuxing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jia, Qiong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Xinnan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Enguang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hong, Jingbo</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hou, Tingting</au><au>Wang, Yanping</au><au>Guo, Fuxing</au><au>Jia, Qiong</au><au>Wu, Xinnan</au><au>Wang, Enguang</au><au>Hong, Jingbo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Soil Respiration Characteristics and Influencing Factors for Apple Orchards in Different Regions on the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province</atitle><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle><date>2021-05-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>4780</spage><pages>4780-</pages><issn>2071-1050</issn><eissn>2071-1050</eissn><abstract>To explore the characteristics of the spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration (SR) in orchard ecosystems in different regions of the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province and to distinguish the controlling factors, representative orchards were studied from April to October 2019. We conducted SR measurements in five locations, including Mizhi dangta (MZ), Ansai Liuzhuang (AS), Luochuan houzitou (LC), Fuping meijiaping (FP), and Yangling Wuquan (YL). The results indicated that the SR of each orchard showed clear seasonal variation. The SR increased with the distance from the trunk at the tree scale, while gradually increasing from north to south on the regional scale (p < 0.05). The soil temperature and soil moisture were the main factors controlling the seasonal changes in SR in the orchards. On the tree scale, the fine root biomass was the main factor causing the tree-scale spatial variability. At the regional scale, SR was mainly influenced by the differences in the soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon, soil bulk density and pH. In agricultural management practices, the cumulative soil respiration was higher with irrigated treatment than with non-irrigated (NI) treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, traditional surface drip irrigation (SDI) and root injection irrigation (RII) showed great differences in soil respiration in the early and late stages of irrigation (p < 0.05), and the soil moisture was the main controlling factor. Compared with no tillage (NI), green cover (GC), deep tillage (DT), and shallow tillage (ST) increased the SR by 57%, 36% and 14%, respectively (p < 0.05). Due to the great temporal and spatial variation in the SR in our study area, we determined that the soil respiration in the orchards was affected not only by environmental factors but also by agricultural measures. Therefore, greater attention should be paid to human factors when exploring SR to ensure that orchard management can promote the economic benefits of the orchards without greatly impacting the environment.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/su13094780</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Agricultural management Agricultural practices Biomass Bulk density Carbon Carbon cycle Climate change Drip irrigation Emissions Environmental changes Environmental factors Human factors Irrigation Land use Orchards Organic carbon Organic soils Precipitation Regional analysis Regions Respiration Seasonal variations Soil density Soil management Soil moisture Soil temperature Spatial variations Sustainability Temporal variations Terrestrial ecosystems Trees Vegetation |
| title | Soil Respiration Characteristics and Influencing Factors for Apple Orchards in Different Regions on the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province |
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