Phycotoxin-Enriched Sea Spray Aerosols: Methods, Mechanisms, and Human Exposure
To date, few studies have examined the role of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) in human exposure to harmful and beneficial marine compounds. Two groups of phycotoxins (brevetoxins and ovatoxins) have been reported to induce respiratory syndromes during harmful algal blooms. The aerosolization and coastal...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science & technology 2021-05, Vol.55 (9), p.6184-6196 |
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description | To date, few studies have examined the role of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) in human exposure to harmful and beneficial marine compounds. Two groups of phycotoxins (brevetoxins and ovatoxins) have been reported to induce respiratory syndromes during harmful algal blooms. The aerosolization and coastal air concentrations of other common marine phycotoxins have, however, never been examined. This study provides the first (experimental) evidence and characterization of the aerosolization of okadaic acid (OA), homoyessotoxin, and dinophysistoxin-1 using seawater spiked with toxic algae combined with the realistic SSA production in a marine aerosol reference tank (MART). The potential for aerosolization of these phycotoxins was highlighted by their 78- to 1769-fold enrichment in SSAs relative to the subsurface water. To obtain and support these results, we first developed an analytical method for the determination of phycotoxin concentrations in SSAs, which showed good linearity (R 2 > 0.99), recovery (85.3–101.8%), and precision (RSDs ≤ 17.2%). We also investigated natural phycotoxin air concentrations by means of in situ SSA sampling with concurrent aerosolization experiments using natural seawater in the MART. This approach allowed us to indirectly quantify the (harmless) magnitude of OA concentrations (0.6–51 pg m–3) in Belgium’s coastal air. Overall, this study provides new insights into the enriched aerosolization of marine compounds and proposes a framework to assess their airborne exposure and effects on human health. |
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C ; Vanhaecke, Lynn ; Janssen, Colin R</creator><creatorcontrib>Van Acker, Emmanuel ; Huysman, Steve ; De Rijcke, Maarten ; Asselman, Jana ; De Schamphelaere, Karel A. C ; Vanhaecke, Lynn ; Janssen, Colin R</creatorcontrib><description>To date, few studies have examined the role of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) in human exposure to harmful and beneficial marine compounds. Two groups of phycotoxins (brevetoxins and ovatoxins) have been reported to induce respiratory syndromes during harmful algal blooms. The aerosolization and coastal air concentrations of other common marine phycotoxins have, however, never been examined. This study provides the first (experimental) evidence and characterization of the aerosolization of okadaic acid (OA), homoyessotoxin, and dinophysistoxin-1 using seawater spiked with toxic algae combined with the realistic SSA production in a marine aerosol reference tank (MART). The potential for aerosolization of these phycotoxins was highlighted by their 78- to 1769-fold enrichment in SSAs relative to the subsurface water. To obtain and support these results, we first developed an analytical method for the determination of phycotoxin concentrations in SSAs, which showed good linearity (R 2 > 0.99), recovery (85.3–101.8%), and precision (RSDs ≤ 17.2%). We also investigated natural phycotoxin air concentrations by means of in situ SSA sampling with concurrent aerosolization experiments using natural seawater in the MART. This approach allowed us to indirectly quantify the (harmless) magnitude of OA concentrations (0.6–51 pg m–3) in Belgium’s coastal air. Overall, this study provides new insights into the enriched aerosolization of marine compounds and proposes a framework to assess their airborne exposure and effects on human health.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-936X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00995</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33843191</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Aerosols ; Algae ; Algal blooms ; Brevetoxins ; Chemical analysis ; Ecotoxicology and Public Health ; Enrichment ; Eutrophication ; Exposure ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Humans ; Linearity ; Oceans and Seas ; Okadaic acid ; Phycotoxins ; Seawater ; Subsurface water ; Water ; Water analysis ; Water quality</subject><ispartof>Environmental science & technology, 2021-05, Vol.55 (9), p.6184-6196</ispartof><rights>2021 American Chemical Society</rights><rights>Copyright American Chemical Society May 4, 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a361t-763a94b22c7497642c343d3e549f16a089efa4dc83298ddfe1d62f1d363d8bae3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a361t-763a94b22c7497642c343d3e549f16a089efa4dc83298ddfe1d62f1d363d8bae3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5063-922X ; 0000-0003-0185-6516</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.1c00995$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c00995$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,2765,27076,27924,27925,56738,56788</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33843191$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Van Acker, Emmanuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huysman, Steve</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Rijcke, Maarten</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asselman, Jana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Schamphelaere, Karel A. 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The potential for aerosolization of these phycotoxins was highlighted by their 78- to 1769-fold enrichment in SSAs relative to the subsurface water. To obtain and support these results, we first developed an analytical method for the determination of phycotoxin concentrations in SSAs, which showed good linearity (R 2 > 0.99), recovery (85.3–101.8%), and precision (RSDs ≤ 17.2%). We also investigated natural phycotoxin air concentrations by means of in situ SSA sampling with concurrent aerosolization experiments using natural seawater in the MART. This approach allowed us to indirectly quantify the (harmless) magnitude of OA concentrations (0.6–51 pg m–3) in Belgium’s coastal air. 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subjects | Aerosols Algae Algal blooms Brevetoxins Chemical analysis Ecotoxicology and Public Health Enrichment Eutrophication Exposure Harmful Algal Bloom Humans Linearity Oceans and Seas Okadaic acid Phycotoxins Seawater Subsurface water Water Water analysis Water quality |
title | Phycotoxin-Enriched Sea Spray Aerosols: Methods, Mechanisms, and Human Exposure |
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