Vegetative and reproductive phenology in a tropical grassland–savanna–forest gradient

Question Climate, particularly precipitation, is the primary factor driving tropical plant phenology because of its relevant role in regulating water availability. However, differences in soil physicochemical properties can also drive resource availability, potentially affecting plant phenology, especially under similar environments in terms of rainfall regime. We determined whether the seasonality and synchrony of the vegetative and reproductive phenophases differ along a grassland–savanna–forest gradient under the same climate regime in a Neotropical seasonal ecosystem. We hypothesized that species growing on shallow, nutrient‐impoverished soils have a higher capacity to respond to precipitation pulses than those on rich soils. Location Serra do Cipó, southeastern Brazil. Methods We quantified soil physicochemical properties associated with fertility and water retention of the grassland (campo rupestre), savanna (cerrado) and forest, and determined the phenological strategies of 70 species across the three vegetation types by monitoring vegetative and reproductive phenophases over one year. For each phenophase, in each vegetation type, we evaluated the seasonality and synchrony of phenological patterns. We quantified the phylogenetic signal for phenophases to disentangle the relative roles of historical vs ecological drivers of plant phenology. Results Soils from campo rupestre were more nutrient‐ and water‐limited than those of cerrado and forest. Cerrado and forest communities had similar phenological strategies, whereas species from campo rupestre showed strategies that maximize resource acquisition and conservation. In the cerrado and forest, leafing and flowering patterns were seasonal, with leaf flushing and flowering peaking at the onset of the rainy season and leaf senescence in the dry season. Conversely, species from campo rupestre showed continuous leafing and flowering patterns, while fruiting was seasonal. Phenophases did not show a phylogenetic signal. Conclusions We demonstrated changes in vegetative and reproductive phenology that are likely associated with variations in soil physicochemical properties. We argue that more severe edaphic filters may have shaped different phenological patterns in campo rupestre. We used an edaphic gradient of water and nutrient availability established over three vegetation types (forest > cerrado > campo rupestre) to investigate the relationships among soil properties and plant phenology in seasonal Neotro